India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan | Analysis

India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan | Analysis Understanding Macroeconomics (India) Introduction Lately, India has risen as a vibrant economy with a developing local business sector and an incomprehensible system of freely supported Rd establishments. The quality of the Indian economy is situated to some extent on key arranging through the nations five-year plans, which have been used since 1951. The main Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, displayed the initial five-year plan to the Parliament in 1951, which announced inside it an arranged plan of Inr 20.69 billion to be designated to seven expansive regions including; watering system and vitality, farming and group improvement, transport and correspondences, industry, social administrations, land recovery, and the remaining plan to different areas and administrations. The most essential characteristic of this stage was dynamic part of state in all budgetary divisions. The focus for GDP development of the initial 5-year arrangement was set at 2.1 percent for consistently. In actuality, the genuine accomplished development was 3.6% for every year, which fortified the assumption in regards to the viability of the Five-year Plan framework (Rakshit, 2009). India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan The Twelfth Five-Year Plan which became effective in 2012 and stretches out until 2017, has set a target development rate of 8.2% of GDP, however the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 Dec 2012 sanction a 8% development rate, communicating concern in regards to the crumbling worldwide circumstance. It is not conceivable to think about a normal of 9 percent (in twelfth Plan). I think some place between 8 and 8.5 percent is attainable said Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia on the sidelines of a gathering of State Planning Boards and offices. The twelfth Five Year Plan additionally says multiplying Indias Gross Expenditure in Rd from its present level of 1% of GDP (Indias Governments using on Rd places it in the worldwide main 10 with Usd36b, barely behind the UK (Mohammad Ali, 2009). At the end of 2016-17, the Indian Government will raise its own particular financing to 1% of GDP and will try to absorb sufficient fortifying measures to raise the private divisions venture to 1% of GDP (Mohammad Ali, 2009). This obliges an expert conveyance component of Government backing to industry for building its engineering profundity and invigorating its venture in Rd. So as to invigorate the private segments speculation in Rd, an inventive pilot venture known as the Global Innovation Technology Alliance (GITA) was started by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and the Department of Science Technology (DST) , and Government of India in 2007-08. The DST, under its respective multilateral Science Technology Cooperation concurrences with more than 70 nations, propelled modern Rd programs with Canada and Israel as pilot undertakings (Mohammad Ali, 2009). Through these projects, India and the accomplice nation assign subsidizing to help businesses occupied with joint modern Rd ventures In the nation particular system with Israel – the India-Israel Initiative for Industrial Rd (i4rd) , mutually actualized in Israel with MATIMOP – The Israel Industry Center for Rd, if one industry accomplice from India and one industry accomplice from Israel propose together to lead Rd for creating an attractive item, both the administrations give monetary backing up to half of task expense to their separate commercial enterprises, once the undertaking is together approved (Mohammad Ali, 2009). India’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) Customer Price Index (CPI) in India expanded to 139.10 Index Points in April of 2014 from 138.10 Index Points in March of 2014. Customer Price Index (CPI) in India arrived at the midpoint of 122.89 Index Points from 2011 until 2014, arriving at an unequalled high of 139.40 Index Points in November of 2013 and a record low of 105 Index Points in February of 2011. Buyer Price Index (CPI) in India is accounted for by the Labour Bureau, Government of India (Narayanan, 2012). General expansion in the sustenance crate, including refreshments, expanded to 9.1 for every penny in March from 8.57 for every penny in the past month, as indicated by buyer value list (CPI) information discharged by the CSO today (Rakshit, 2009). Vegetable costs expanded 16.8 for every penny in March as against a 14.04 for every penny climb in February. The costs of soil grown foods climbed 17.19 for every penny contrasted and a 15.79 for every penny build in February. Retail or buyer expansion in protein-rich things, for example, eggs, fish and meat moved to 9.54 for every penny in March from 9.69 for every penny in February. The rate of value ascent for oats and related items regulated to 9.61 for every penny in March from 9.93 for every penny. Nonetheless, the cost of milk and its items expanded 11.02 for every penny in March contrasted and 10.37 for every penny in the past month. Costs of toppings and flavours climbed 8.87 for every penny from 8.48 for every penny in February. Retail expansion has been moving for three months since December 2013. Government information prior today indicated expansion as measured by the wholesale value record rose to a three-month high of 5.7 for every penny in March, chiefly because of a spurt in costs of sustenance things, for example, potato, onion and soil grown foods (Narayanan, 2012). India’s Inflation Rate The swelling rate in India was recorded at 8.59 percent in April of 2014. Expansion Rate in India found the middle value of 9.67 Percent from 2012 until 2014, arriving at a record-breaking high of 11.16 Percent in November of 2013 and a record low of 7.55 Percent in January of 2012. Swelling Rate in India is accounted for by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India. Causes of India’s Inflation Its troublesome to say whether Indias proceeding scourge of high expansion need to do anything with any such interruption, notwithstanding what numerous say is a powerless decision government plagued by assertions of debasement and strategy lull, climbing religious roughness in parts of the nation, and a breakdown of bipartisanship prompting parliamentary halt every once in a while. For about four years now, swelling has harassed India tirelessly, pushing up costs, consuming funds, harming the poor most and making life troublesome for its extensive white collar class. Between December 2009 and August 2013, wholesale value expansion which measures swelling at the processing plant door arrived at the midpoint of in excess of 8%. Purchaser expansion which reflects shop and business sector costs has floated between 7.65% and 10.91% since January 2012 (PALIWAL, 2013). Impacts of such Inflation The effect of swelling in Indian economy is declines the obtaining force of dollar and expansions the worth of products and items, particularly those that hails from other nation. Then again, it has a positive impact for the individuals who are winning different monetary standards like dollar. The impact of inflation in Indian economy is decreases the purchasing power of dollar and increases the value of goods and commodities, especially those that comes from other country (Narayanan, 2012). However, it has a positive effect for those who are earning other currencies like dollar. India’s Government Step towards Inflation In India, the legislature is recognizing measures to handle high expansion, as spiraling nourishment costs rise as a key concern. There are developing stresses over the effect of runaway expansion on Indias vigorous financial development. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met top bureau priests for the second straight day, Wednesday, to work out a system to check climbing nourishment costs. The abnormal amount gathering was assembled as nourishment swelling took off to more than 18 percent the most astounding in more than a year (Rakshit, 2009). Conclusion In view of the results given above it might be reasoned that: a. The presence of co-integrating relationship between the variables uncovers a long run connection between them. This obviously infers that the CPI is impacted by the IIP, RM what’s more IMP. b. The ECM mathematical statement is profoundly noteworthy. This infers that the CPI changes with past period pattern and slacks in different variables. So likewise it reacts to past approach basics. c. The IRF indicates that the reaction to stun by the CPI mathematical statement is felt after around 12 months. This intimates that the CPI reacts to stuns after a slack. d. The FEVD of CPI tosses exceptionally urgent light on the determinants of swelling in India. Cash supply does impact the expansion, however the effect is fleeting. The effect on expansion because of the outer division is additionally extremely quick however fleeting. The hugest effect on swelling comes by means of the IIP (PALIWAL, 2013). From the above examination, it could be inferred that the Indian expansion is majorly a interest draw swelling. This is on account of both the cash supply and the IIP speak to the current request in the economy. Notwithstanding, the supply side components which come by means of the imports likewise Impact the swelling in the short run. In addition, the brief time effect of the Imports shows that the outer components are not the central point affecting the expansion. This suggests that our theory that expansion in India in the post liberalization period is because of outer variables is deficient. Therefore the adjustment approaches ought to be proactive by concentrating on the interest administration approaches on a long haul premise, and supply administration arrangements remembering their fleeting effect on expansion. Acknowledging the slack in the effect of IIP, such adjustment approaches will be great. References Rakshit, M. (2009).India amidst the global crisis.Economic and Political Weekly, 94-106. Retrieved: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40278667?uid=3738832uid=2uid=4sid=21103776467371 Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Ali, A. (2009). Impact of macroeconomics variables on stock prices: empirical evidence in case of KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange).European Journal of Scientific Research,38(1), 96-103. Retrieved:Â  http://www.researchgate.net/publication/202329264_Impact_of_Macroeconomics_Variables_on_Stock_Prices_Emperical_Evidance_in_Case_of_KSE/file/5b0950e45b76dae18e57dd954b1b8620.pdf Narayanan, S. (2012).Inflation in India.The Indian Economy Since 1991: Economic Reforms and Performance, 2/e, 216. Retrieved: http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=L4SvlRblIggCoi=fndpg=PT193dq=inflation+of+indiaots=C76Mr3k33Hsig=0UazG-M2u-sPF1Gi3vTX0RpKrNw PALIWAL, J. (2013). INCREASING PRESSURE OF INFLATION ON INDIAS MACROECONOMIC STABILITY: AN OVERVIEW.International Journal of Research in Computer Application Management,3(1). Retrieved: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=22311009AN=87676257h=6JK8Xw%2FP0hTVztFtk%2BJW6tBQUd52dYCOEQLA7lJ5b3JfDWrEqXuz84CrijFcbnHE9vH95DDkHahYRSRnXncXHA%3D%3Dcrl=c

Analysis of Modality in Language

Analysis of Modality in Language Student: VÕ TH THU NGÂN 1. Rationale: The more developing social is, the more multiform language research is. There are many things to read between the lines of the meaning of words or sentences when using them for communication in the real life. Modality is an issue which maybe makes learners to have difficulties in studying a language. Besides it is an interesting topic for language researchers. Why is it interesting? In this assignment, I would like to put my focus on the sights of modality in language to have the answer for that above question. 2. Aims of the study The study is aimed at: Indentifying specific kinds of modality in language, special in English Help learner to have the general picture in language. 3. Scope of the study Because of my limited time and knowledge, I would like to put my focus on modality in languages within common sentences in the real life. I will give a general introduction about modality and concentrate on the analysis of the figure sentences in some English sentences which will be compared to Vietnamese ones. 4. Research methods and data collection: 4.1. Research design: In this study, the quantitative methods will be used to classify and analyze data to find out the modality in English and Vietnamese sentences. In addition, descriptive method is used to give a detailed description of modality in English sentences. And finally, comparative method is used to figure out some similaraties and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences. 4.2. Data Collection: This research is restricted to language. Data for this research are collected from different types of sentences taken from the grammar books( in English or Vietnamese) or in the real life. The data is likely to provide a detailed description of how modality is used in different sentences. 4. 3 Design of the study The study covers the following 5 chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction- provides the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research question, the scope of the study and the organization of the study. Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background- gives literature review and theoretical background where a review of previous studies related to the thesis is carried out and the theoretical background of the study is provided. Chapter 3 Methodology- describes the methods and procedures of the study. It also deals with the design of the research, data collection, data analysis and the reliability and validity of the study. Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion- presents the findings and discussions, which concentrates on grammar structure to show two types of modality. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications- includes the summary of the major findings of the study and the implications for the meaning of the sentences which consist of modality. 2.1 Modality There are some views on modality. It can be defined particularly which based on from which points of views people understand the term. According to Frawley and Charles (1992)modality is a semantic phenomenon, expressing the attitude and state of knowledge about a proposition while Bybee (1985)defined as modality is what the speaker is doing with the whole proposition and Halliday (1985) presented modality means the speakers judgment of the probabilities, the obligations or so on, involving in what he/she is saying. Modality, according to Palmer (1986), is defined as semantic information associated with the speakers attitude or opinion about what is said. He gave the point of the fact that modality concerns the factual status of proposition. Besides, it maybe consists of mood: Further it is very important to speak of mood only if the attitude of mind is shown in the form of the verb: mood thus is a syntactic, not a notional category (Jaspers). In another hand, modality are sorts of a semantic issue because it presents the attitude of the speaker or theory about the fact of status of a proposition; however, mood is a grammatical phenomenon within this theory or attitude is showed morphologically. Learners can see clearly in opposite forms of words in English. According to Searle (1969), in his research he shows a structure of the sides of modality to discuss. For instance, he decorates assertive within terms of the belief of the speaker or commitment to the fact of proposition. He agreed that directives and commissives are related to deontic modality while expressive, assertive and declaratives have the relationship with epistemic modality. There are two views in a common thinking when it is said or spoken out from the speaker or writer: the propositional content and the non-propositional content which expresses the speaker attitude and opinion toward the content of proposition(Hoa, 2004). The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called modals: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought to. Modality is encoded in various other expressions, too: possibly, probably, have (got) to, need to and be able to. For examples, a. You must apologize. ( obligation) b. You can come in now. (permission) c. Shes not able to see you until Tuesday. (feasibility) 2.2 Types of modality The different language researchers had tried to give the ways with the different types of modality in order to arrange them into the different categories. However, this way is only a small group of classification of modalitys meaning without the general partition of the largest meaning of modality. According Nguyen Van Hiep, he provided 3 types of modality in Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡m trà ¹ tà ¬nh thà ¡i trong ngà ´n ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯: alethic, deontic and epistemic which are mentioned by many researchers. However, in some studies, most of researchers told about deontic and epistemic were popular. They share 2 sides: subjectivity and non-factuality (Hoa, 2004). So, this study also focuses on these types of modality. Epistemic Nguyen Hoa (2004)indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he/ she says.It means that Epistemic, which is derived from the Greek word meaning understanding or knowledge, refers to the type of modality that indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he says. Palmer (1986) also suggests that epistemic modality should relate to modal system to indicate the degree of commitment the extent to which the truth of proposition is possible. We can see this degree in two sentences: John may be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ here explains foruncertainly/a possible conclusion of speakerin the speculative sentence (a) through using the modal verb may. John must be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢In the deductive sentence (b), this degree here is the only possible conclusion of speaker which is showed in the word must. By two examples above, it is not difficult to indicate the degree of the commitment when speaker says. Furthermore, Palmer also provides that epistemic can be described as possibility-based. It is interested in belief, knowledge or truth, etc and consists of no element of with. According to Palmer, there are two kinds of epistemic commitment such as judgement and evidential. About judgement, the creator relates to possibility and necessity and the judgements appear to be more subjective because the commitment comes from the speaker knowledge or belief. We look at two below sentences together. Here: She is likely to be late. (English) Cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nà  y tà  u Ä‘Ã £ chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y. (Vietnamese) likely and cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ are two words used to describe the commitment of speaker. He think that she (a) maybe goes to late and maybe basing on the time the train run away (b). He believes that and that is his thinking in his mind. So, it seems likely more subjective not sure, not exactly for listener. If judgement concerns of subjective, evidential relates to objectively. It is encoded the ground on which a speaker makes an overtly qualified assertion and represents a proposition more objectively. Ex:They say the match has been called off. Nghe nà ³i hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n Ä‘Ã £ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœn. It is clear that speaker has a particular evident to give out his word. By using the third speaker, his word has the higher belief. Therefore, when speaker does not ensure the truth of what he/she says, he often chose one of four to say what he is thinking: What speaker surmises What speaker reasons What speaker is reported by another What speaker is felt by his/ her sense We can interpret these ideas by using some sentences with: I think thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They say thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It seemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As a resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Givà ³n thinks that epistemic modality is built by evident and thinking ability. Here, we can say more about proposition which is not clear because it is used to show a statement which is a current affair, foreground or background. For instance, They say the match has been called off. The math-called off- in the first listening, listener perhaps think that there is no subjective in this word. Specially, the speaker does not show any commitments in his word but only gives the problem by evident they say. It seems that subjective modality does not appear here. However, this is also seen a type of commitment because giving the evident is a commitment which has degree-indirect commitment. In short, epistemic modality gives the status of the speaker for the truth what he says which is based on evidences of judgments he takes. Deontic Deontic is also a type of modality which is the dimension of: obligation, permission, prohibition, etc. Ex: You mustnt do it its against the law. Bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡nh nhà ¢n cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c yà ªn tÄ ©nh. Through these examples here, we can see that deontic can be characterized as necessity-based or obligation-based. According to Nguyen Hoa, it is concerned with action and contains an element of will. In the sentence, for instance, you mustnt do it its against the law, it wants to say the obligation of the action: dont do it is necessary because if you do it, you will break the rules. Obligation and different degree of obligation can be express by other verbs of adjectives as well. In English, speaker can say need to/ ought to/ have to/ should/ can/ must/etc while in Vietnamese, speaker can use bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t buà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c, phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i, cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™, cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You must complete your homework before you go to school. Con phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i là  m xong bà  i tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhà   rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c Ä‘i chÆ ¡i nhà ©. According to Nguyen Hoa, there will have many grammatical types of deontic modality. The first type consists of imperatives and directives where we try to get people to do things. To illustrate, we have seen two examples: Ex: You ought to leave now.(1) Nà ³ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i Ä‘i ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ § sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm. (2) Both of them mean getting listener to do action leave (1) and go to bed (2). Subjects must be compulsory, not deny or postpone the given request. Another type is commissives where commit ourselves to do things which surface as declaratives since they concerned with action. Ex: I will give you a hand.(3) Tà ´i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©asà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ cà ³ mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t Ä‘Ã ºng già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ .(4) These sentences here present the undertaking of the speaker. However, speaker cannot do the action in the future while (1) and (2) speaker obligates this action. By explaining the above, epistemic modality is interested in the truth, the belief of knowledge. In contrast, deontic modality is interested in the action. For example: You should do your homework. You must do your homework. In these examples, the participants are urges as expressed by the subjects of the sentences, to changing degrees, to form an action. CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN The study was given out with the qualitative and quantitative approaches so as to response its aims and objectives. The research design is planned to carry out such important things as: Describing and comparing the collected data for finding out the types of modality. Finding out the showing types of modality through the point of grammar structures in languages. 3.2. RESEARCH METHODS In order to get the aims and objectives of the study, the descriptive and contrastive methods are used in connection with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptive method describes the types of modality in languages. Besides, the comparative methods is used to find out the similarities as well as the differences in both of types. 3.3. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES In this study, about some sentences in English and in Vietnamese) were collected from English and Vietnamese from the real life, books. 3.4. DATA COLLECTION To meet the demands of the aims and objectives, samples of modality in English and Vietnamese were collected. All of these samples were gathered from a lot of words on different documental collections. 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is considered to be a very important part to point out the modality consists of the following steps: Describing qualitatively and quantitatively the data collected. Using sentences to analyze the linguistic features of modality Comparing and finding out the similarities and differences between the epistemic modality and deontic modality 3.6. RESEARCH PROCEDURE The study procedures were carried out as follows: Reviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope. Collecting sentences from the real life, books. Picking out some sentences explanation in English languages. Comparing and pointing out the similarities and differences in types of modality. 3.7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY In terms of reliability, the data are collected from in the circumstances in the real life( ensure about grammar) and collected from the books with the name of author, the time, the place of publication where the quotation comes from. It means that the quality of the data is reliable. Besides, the findings and conclusions in the study are taken from the analysis of frequency of samples and proofs concerned without any prejudices and presuppositions. For this reason, the objectivity of the study is assured. All collected sentences in this thesis could be representative. In addition, the analyses in the study have always been conducted in the light of theoretical background to ensure the quality of the study. 3.8. CONCLUDING In short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis are mentioned in detail in this chapter. Moreover, research procedures as well as reliability and validity are also presented specifically. Thus, the discussion of findings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to the careful and reasonable preparation of this chapter. CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION Showing types of modality in performing sentences How do epistemic modality and deontic modality represent in systems of sentence meaning. It is used to form strong expression or to evoke the mind of the words. In contrast, in the term of grammar to create a sentence, there are various different points of grammatical theory. So, this study will present some points of view where modality is shown in grammar system to perform a sentence with complete meaning about epistemic or deontic modality. 4.1 Personal modality According to Quirks classification, there is another subcomponent of the interpersonal related to those features involving the speakers own contribution to the representational meaning of the sentence. 4.1.1 Form modality markers According to Nguyen Hoa, the speaker can participate by offering his comment on the form f what he is saying, defining in some way under what condition he is speaking. For examples: Nà ³i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ³ng, cà ´ à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y là   ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i à ­ch kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ °. (1) Frankly, Im tired. (2) In these Vietnamese and English sentences, speaker has a personal attitude for a person who both speaker and listener know to give comment (1). In the second example, similarity speaker also shows his own attitude. We can see that epistemic modality in this sentence because it shows the speakers belief with the truth in the sentence. We have modal adverbs to make the form-modality markers : frankly, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ex: Personally, I dont like your plan. 4.1.2 Content-modality markers Nguyen Hoa also explains more about this issue. He says that the speaker can give comment on the extent to which he believes that what he is saying is true. For example: To our surprise, he arrived home late. (Nguyen Hoa, 2004, p.181) In this example, speaker expresses his attitude on the extent to our surprise to which he is saying. Here only has our it means the limited field in someone (consist of speaker and listeners staying in this time) In the content- modality markers, it is divided into two types and each type has some words to indicate modality more easily. The first type is the degree of belief: Ex: Surely, he can solve his problem by himself. (I am sure thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Express primarily a subjective view on the truth of what he is saying is truth: certainly, admittedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably. Ex: Clearly, he can solve his problem by himself. ( Its clear to me thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of degree of convictions as open to objective evidence: clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly. Ex: Technically, he can solve his problem by himself. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of reality or lack of reality in what is said: actually, officially, technically, theoretically. The second type is comment other than on the truth value of what is said. Without necessary implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence or indeed to the speaker. Ex: Hopefully, John returned home yesterday. -> John was hopeful in doing so -> That someone else was hopeful as a result of Johns action. Other markers: annoyingly, curiously, funnily enough, happily, hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly With an implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence. Ex: Wisely, John returned home yesterday. -> The speaker considers the action as wise and he also considers John wise for doing the action. Other markers: wrongly, rightly. 4.2 Modal lexical verbs Palmer (1986, p. 183) considered: in some languages such as English for one, there exist some modal lexical verbs with complement clauses which can be used performatively to indicate the attitudes and opinions of the speaker. mostly verbs with a 1st subject. For instances: I believe that he will become a good student. (epistemic) That he will become a good student in the sentence is the object of the main verb believe. This verb expresses the thinking of the speaker. So, this sentence creates the epistemic modality. It is the same the above example, we has another sentence: I request you to clean your room immediately. (deontic) It is interested that the form of this sentence is the same the form of the above sentence. You to clean your room immediately is the objective of the main verb of the sentence request. However, this sentence here brings the deontic modality because it has the actions concentration. 4.3 Modality in subordinate clause All English learners know that subordinate clause consists of nominal clause, adverbial clause and adjectival clause. How do we indicate modality in subordinate clause? We have example below: I believe that she did the right thing. The verb believe is a lexical verb, and it expresses belief. The clause that she did the right thing is a subordinate clause and shows the belief about what. It presents the belief more than the action or it is the epistemic modality. By this explanation, the subordinate clause presents the proposition whereas the main lexical verb indicates modality. DISCUSSION How to distinguish between epistemic modality and deontic modality in modal words? English is a language which is rather rich in modal words, especially modal verbs such as:may, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need, can, could. These verbs have a number of meanings, for example, the verb MUST can express both epistemic and deontic modality: a. Heaven must be at work now. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ must expresses a strong commitment on the part of the speaker to the truth of the proposition. (Heaven is at work.) b. You must finish your homework before going to bed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢It is about an obligation on the part of the person denoted by you, the statement is about action to be accomplished. (You do your homework.) For modal verbs in the past, deontic modality also is also expressed in the past action. For instance: You should have gone to the meeting yesterday (Hiep (2007),cited on Lyons, p.824) Deontic modality is presented in the appreciation with the action in the past. In this utterance, speaker does not obligate listener to go to the yesterday meeting, he only confirms that in the point before the present time, listener was in the circumstance which listener had to go to the meeting. Therefore, we did the action which was a confirmation. In which general, we can admit the distinguishing between epistemic modality and deontic modality which is based on three 3 items: necessary, ability and reality. This chapter gives a conclusion for this study. First, the issues given in this assignment are discussed. Second, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made. In general, it is quite difficult to understand fully and profoundly those types because they relate to the grammar feature, ways to use different languages in the real life. The difficulty in learning a language is to understand the meaning of it exactly because the meaning of a word is diversified when it is used to form a sentence. English is a language spoken in many countries and modality shown is multiform. This is based on the purpose of the user. This study indicates the interesting point of modality in language, especially in English and Vietnamese a little. By illustration, language learners can understand more about researching with the sides of meaning related to two types of modality. All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability. It is, however, hoped that this study will be a small contribution to figure out the interesting significance of the modality of the present international language and a reference to those who are interested in learning and researching language. Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology. Armsterdam: Benjamins. Frawley, Charles, C. (1992). Linguistic semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. Hiep, N. V. (2007). Mot so pham tru tinh thai trong ngong ngu. Tap chi Ngon Ngu. Hoa, N. (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Ha Noi: Nxb. Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge: CPU. Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge and New York: CPU.

Computer Engineer :: essays research papers

Introduction and History Computer engineering is a very time consuming, challenging job. To be a good computer engineer you need years of experience and collage education. Computer engineers provide information and data processing for certain computer firms and organizations. They conduct research, design computers, and discover and use new principles and ideas of applying computers. I am going to tell you specific facts about the careers of computer engineers like payment, education needed, skills, responsibilities of the job, job outlook, and benefits of the job. Computer engineering started about 5,000 years ago in China when they invented the abacus. The abacus is a manual calculator in which you move beads back and forth on rods to add or subtract. Other inventors of simple computers include Blaise Pascal who came up with the arithmetic machine for his father’s work. Also Charles Babbage produced the Analytical Engine, which combined math calculations from one problem and applied it to solve other complex problems. The Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computers. Occupation’s Duties A computer engineer has certain duties and responsibilities depending on the location and size of the firm he or she works for. Also the duties vary between job levels. If you work at a small firm, you will be set up on the firing line immediately and will be expected to make your boss money or you’ll be fired. Also in a smaller firm you’ll probably spend hours of pain-staking time trying to solve a problem that other engineers probably went over before. In larger firms, you’ll be hired probably as a junior computer engineer and work your way up to senor and maybe manager of engineers. If you enjoy challenging work and problem solving, your best place to be is in a small firm. If you enjoy problem solving but not to the severe degree as in a small firm, then your place is in a larger firm. Overall, the responsibilities and duties are basically the same. These duties include preparing cost benefit analysis on programs, determining copter soft and hardware needs, and debugging computers to eliminate errors. Benefits The benefits of being a computer engineer are unique to those people who like having challenges put in-front of them to solve. This job puts you in challenging positions that you have to problem solve to get out of. Also computer engineers have the ability to fix or even their own computers. Computer engineers get paid vacations, holidays, and sick days.

Immigration Reform Essay -- Economics Welfare Immigration Essays

Immigration Reform At this time, the United States has allowed more immigrants to enter the country than at any time in its history. Over a million legal and illegal immigrants take up residence in the United States each year. Immigration at its current magnitude is not fulfilling the interests or demands of this country. With the country struggling to support the huge intake of new comers, life in America has been suffering tremendously. The excessive stress put upon the welfare system, overuse of the family reunification laws, and the exploitation of employment based immigration in the computer industry are reasons for immigration reform. The United States welfare system has difficulties supporting the huge numbers of immigrants coming into the country each year. A majority of the immigrants are from poor countries and come to the U.S. looking for work. A research organization called Urban Institute revealed that immigrants use more welfare and earn lower incomes than natives, which results in immigrants paying less taxes. The Urban Institute is a non-profit organization that investigates the social and economic problems of this country. Statistics from a Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) newsletter shows, ?. . . the share of immigrant households below the poverty line (29 percent) is much higher than the share of native households that are poor (14 percent)--more than twice as high.? Due to the large numbers of poverty st...

Pan paniscus bonobo :: essays papers

Pan paniscus bonobo Pan. Paniscus (bonobo/pygmy), chimpanzees, are similar to Pan. Troglodytes (common chimpanzees), in many ways. Because of this, I am only detailing some of the differences. Currently the bonobo population numbers less than 20,000 individuals, the bonobo is listed as an endangered species by the United States fish and wildlife Service. â€Å"The bonobo is threatened by forest destruction for forest products and agriculture, they are hunted for food and sale for pet trade† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Bonobo populations have been greatly reduced by deforestation and human encroachment. â€Å"The bonobo is in high demand for bio-medical research, since hunting bans are not always enforced, they are heavily poached† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"One of the major threats to this species is that its range lies entirely within the country of the Democratic Republic of Congo† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Geographic Range: Historically the bonobo is considered a rare species relative to other apes because of its small range and habitat limitations†(AZA, 1998, p.2). The populations are discontinuous and widely scattered. Bonobos live near the Zaire River in the lowland rainforests and swamp forests. Morphological: â€Å"Bonobos can be distinguished from chimpanzees by their more slender frame, longer hind limbs, shorter clavicle, and smaller molars. â€Å"It has been established through molecular genetic analyses that the chimpanzee genus, P. paniscus, is most closely related to humans and shares approximately 98% genetic identity† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Bonobos are generally smaller than chimpanzee genus, P. Troglodytes and are less dimorphic, males are only 30% heavier’ (Hodgson, 1998,p.1). â€Å"There is sexual dimorphism in the canines where the males’ are longer than the canines of the females†(Flannery, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Molecular biologists estimate that the bonobo diverged from its relative, the common chimpanzee, only about 1.5 million years ago†(Kano, 1990, p.1). â€Å"The body structure of the bonobo is an adaptation for climbing and living an arboreal lifestyle in the rainforest† (AZA, 1998, p.1). â€Å"This little known ape is not really a chimpanzee, gorilla, or an orangutan. It is a very unique creature, whose anatomy resembles that of â€Å"Lucy† the most famous find of pre-human skeleton† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Because of the similar morphological traits, some anthropologists consider the bonobo to be the best living prototype for the common ancestor of humans and African apes† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Thus, it would follow that the bonobos have many human-like morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Natural History: â€Å"Major foods of the bonobos include fruits, shoots, leaves, seeds, flowers, and bark.

“How Far Is Play Key in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead?”

In the play â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead†, the writer Tom Stoppard reveals to the reader the importance of â€Å"play† in his play and how it helps develop the plot and the characters of his literary work. Stoppard uses witty language, and satirical humour to help highlight the importance of numerous types play to the reader. Stoppard uses play as a main theme throughout his play as commentary on how play has many different interpretations, thus he uses his play as an impetus to explore this theme and allow the reader and the audience to gain a better understanding. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead† One of the most prominent forms of play that is evident in the exposition of the play is how Stoppard plays around with the expectations of the audience as well as having both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern both tease the audience as part of their act. Stoppard begins the play with both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern already in action as if we as the audience have come â€Å"late to the action† by beginning the play with what seems to the audience as a non-sequiturs conversation â€Å"†¦Heads†¦ There is an art to the building up of suspense. Through this we as the reader are able to see how Stoppard is deliberately beginning his play in an unorthodox manner which would surprise the audience who would be hoping to follow the plot of the play from the beginning. By doing this, Stoppard is able to create an effect on both the reader as we are able to infer the audience’s expectation which have probably been diminished but nevertheless intrigued. As a reader we are a lso curious to know how long Stoppard will uphold this dramatic tension and leave both the reader and audience uneasy. Once we as the reader become aware of the fact that Stoppard’s play in not a conventional play that meets our expectations or the audience, we become subject to Stoppard’s world of plays awaiting anything that may come our way. In the exposition of the play, we see how the play begins with Rosencrantz flipping a coin continuously as Guildenstern tries to figure out how the coin only seems to flipping â€Å"heads†, â€Å"†¦. Heads†¦ The law of probability, it has been oddly asserted, is something to do with the proposition that if six monkeys†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here Stoppard is able to highlight the important motif of coins and to a certain extent gambling through Rosencrantz playing with the coin. One could infer that through this coin play; Stoppard is simply trying to assert the attention of the audience by having them wait in suspense for something to happen. On the other hand, Stoppard also uses Rosencrantz game to highlight the fact that even from the very beginning of the play; his characters have no direction or purpose as to what they are meant to be doing on stage. This leaves us as the reader and the audience included feeling bemused by Stoppard’s play and wondering whether there are any conventional elements to Stoppard’s play. Furthermore, Stoppard is able to continue to build on the theme of play, by exposing the reader and the audience; through his manipulation of language and word play, to other characters in the play and how they help develop the plot of the play. During Act One, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern meet a band of Tragedians whose leader is the mysterious and crafty Player. Once the two parties begin to engage in conversation it becomes obvious that the play begins to make sexual references and similarities to the world of acting and prostitution. Naturally, both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are intrigued by his offer and try to delve deeper into what the Player is offering â€Å"You’re not – ah – exclusively players, then? †, â€Å"We’re inclusively players, sir. † Through Stoppard’s use of double entendres in the language, we are able to see how he plays at the sexual innuendos of the Player through the implications of the meaning â€Å"inclusively† to show how the word intimates intimacy and an element of risque endeavors. By doing this Stoppard is able make a satirical comment about the similarities in the nature of acting and prostitution and how they both perform for money, though they differ on the nature of their performances. Through this we as the audience are able to see how Stoppard is able to add humour to the play through his word play and sexual innuendos, allowing the reader and the audience to enjoy the play despite the fact it may appear to be quite absurd. Lending weight to the above notion, Stoppard is able to show the importance of play through the character of the Player, who is able to toil around with both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and helps them come to the realization that they are actors and that they have a purpose. The player is able to do this by playing around with the minds of both the protagonists, firstly through his sexual innuendos as explored above and through the fact that he helps Rosencrantz and Guildenstern realise that they are actors on stage and that they are performers to an audience. Stoppard is able to use the Player as a foil to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who begin to question the Player asking him â€Å"†¦aren’t you going to change into your costume? †, â€Å"I never change out of it, sir† and â€Å"aren’t you going to – come on? †, â€Å"I am on. † Here we see the irony Stoppard is trying to convey as both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern did not walk onto stage appear to put on a costume in order to come on and act. Here Stoppard explores the theme of â€Å"seeming and being† as he shows how throughout the play the two protagonists interchangeably play around with their characters of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in â€Å"Hamlet† and in Stoppard’s play. This leaves us the reader to question whether Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are acting or whether they are being themselves, leaving us intrigued as we ponder this peculiar phenomenon. Another character who helps elucidate on Stoppard’s theme of playing is the character of Hamlet who appears to be mad plays mind games with his two friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Nobody in the play of â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead† and in â€Å"Hamlet† knows why Hamlet is acting crazy and thus, they try to find reason for his madness. What they are not aware of is the fact that Hamlet has chosen to act mad and â€Å"play† the fool in order to prove the guilt of the new king and to find out if his mother was in on the plot to murder his father. Thus in Stoppard’s play it is obvious that Hamlet is simply playing around as he tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he is â€Å"but mad north north-west; when the wind is southerly [he] knows a hawk from a handsaw†. Through Hamlet’s complex metaphor it is clear to see that he is actually lucid and is able to know that he is being tricked and deceived by his childhood friends with orders from Claudius. Here we are able to see how because of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s lack of wit and inablilty to comprehend Hamlet’s message they are inevitably the ones played by Hamlet and thus their ignorance leads them to their death. We as the reader and are left to see how Stoppard is able to use the character of Hamlet to show how disguise and deception both coincide with the theme of play as well as seeming and being. Lastly, Stoppard also conveys the importance of playing, through his use allusion to other texts by various writers to help show past and present literature works influence almost all writers. Stoppard’s play is based on the plot of â€Å"Hamlet†, but it greatly echoes Beckett’s play â€Å"Waiting for Godot†. In Beckett’s play the main protagonists of the play also lack direction and purpose and are waiting for the appearance of Godot who never comes. Thus similar to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, they too engage in games to pass the time â€Å"†¦well, what to do now? †, â€Å"Don’t, let’s do anything. It’s safer. By adopting the same ideals from Beckett’s play about the nature of the play and the characters, it is possible to see how Stoppard is commenting on the importance of literary influences on writers and their works. Overall, Stoppard is able to convey the importance of the theme play in his play throu gh his use of careful and witty choice of language and through the satire of his characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Stoppard is able to allow the reader and the audiences to experience the importance of the theme play through his exploration of the different interpretations of the word in numerous unconventional forms.

Outline and Assess Different Measures of Crime and Deviance

When measuring crime and deviance sociologists use three different means, those are official statistics, self-report studies and victim surveys. These methods of collecting data have both strong points and weak points, but by combining them a possible general picture of crime and deviance could be drawn. The sociological theories have varying perspectives on the usefulness of generating measurable crime statistics and the validity of each method. Firstly official statistics are compiled and then published every 6 months by the Home Office, and are drawn from records kept by the police and other official agencies. But due to the fact that official statistics are only compiled from crime that has been reported leading to someone being charged and convicted of that crime those crimes that go unreported are obviously not included. By use of official statistics we can see trends in crime throughout history, which crime rates are rising and which are falling and from that starting point we can work out the reasons for this change. In my opinion though official statistics may not be able to cover every crime as not all is recorded it can still gives us a starting point when looking for crime trends and the sociological reasons behind that. For example we can see through looking at the downloadable PDF Social Trends 40 that crimes such as theft, vandalism and household crime have increased from last year and through further statistics we can see that gang activity has also increased we can then put two and two together to show us why these crimes are increasing through use of the official statistics. Feminists would argue that crimes that stereotypically affect women (such as domestic abuse or rape) are not covered in these statistics, as the women are too embarrassed or scared to come forward. As a result of this, feminists believe the statistics are not a realistic reflection on domestic or spousal abuse rates as the husbands or boyfriends are not being brought to justice. Similarly Marxists would argue that official statistics are incorrect but the Marxists argue that there wrong due to the fact that the bourgeoisie have manipulated them to create scapegoats. By creating scapegoats of the working classes the bourgeoisie can divide the proletariat making it easier for the capitalists to continue controlling them. Furthermore the under class are more strictly policed than the oppressive ruling class and therefore it looks on statistics that the working class are more prone to crime. This argument, like most of Marxism, is slightly reductionist as not every sociological issue can be so easily simplified to just the bourgeoisie oppressing the proletariat or capitalisms greed. The second method used to measure crime and deviance is a self-report study. A self report study would be a survey which would interview a number of people on their relationship with crime, this would be done through either an opportunity sample or through volunteers and the interview would most likely be structured or semi-structured. The usefulness of a self-report study is that it could reveal what are seen as ‘victimless crimes’ (such as drug use or under age drinking etc. ) or crimes that go unreported. This would then be able to compensate for the official statistics lack of these crimes, and then by combining the two give us a broader picture of crime in the UK. Another advantage of a self report study is that we can not only learn what crimes people commit but also we can see what age, ethnicity or social class there in showing us what members of our society are more likely to commit a certain crime. But by using a self-report study demand characteristics and socially desirable answers come into play. Because in contrast to the official statistics which are gathered from data which can be presumed to be true, self report studies rely on face-to-face interviews which gives people the opportunity to lie or to give an answer which they believe the interviewer will find pleasing. But this method does yield results, for example Bilton was able to show that 50 to 90% of the people he interviewed had committed a crime that could have landed them in court. This use of the self-report study helps us to see how much crime goes unreported or unnoticed and therefore how unrealistic the official crime statistics actually are. Similarly West and Farrington, who also did a self report study but on deviance rather than crime, found that a high percentage of those interviewed had engaged in, what society perceives as, a deviant. For example they found that 90% of interviewees admitted to having travelled on a train without a ticket, also 82% had broken a window of an empty house. But also West and Farmington’s study found that like Biltons the official statistics had missed out all crime – this is obvious as 40% admitted to stolen something from a shop and of that 40% only 8. % had been prosecuted of it. Victim surveys are the opposite to self report studies as instead of being asked about crimes you’ve committed a person is asked whether they have ever been a victim of crime, samples are taken on either a large scale (nationally) or on a small scale (locally). Through victim surveys, especially large ones such as the British Crime Survey, we are able to see any pattern or trends in victi misation that we wouldn’t have been able to see in the previous two methods. Victim surveys can show us if any race, age, social class or genders are more likely to targeted for a specific crime. Jock Young, a New Left Realist, did the first victim survey in Islington, it was able to show that the reason residents feared leaving the house was of the violent gangs committing crime and threatening those who tried to stop it. Victim surveys are able to provide the interviewee without a great deal of confidence as they can remain completely anonymous if they choose, in theory this should eliminate people being too scared or too embarrassed to admit to being a victim of crime. But this is not always the case, some people might find it too hard to admit to even themselves that they’ve been a victim of a crime, especially crimes such as rape or abuse. This altering of the truth is different from that seen sometimes in self-report studies as those lies are usually told to make the interviewee feel better or harder about them self (as nowadays committing crime is seen as ‘cool’ especially among youths). Similarly to official statistics Feminists would argue that lack of women admitting to being victims of sexual or physical abuse is due to the patriarchal society we live in and the male dominance seen throughout it. But victim surveys could be seen as possibly unreliable as, unlike in official statistics, experts do not do the categorization of crimes it is the interviewers themselves who may be skilled sociologists but are not trained specifically in the act of categorizing crime. This means that similar crimes can not be compared with the statistics as there may have been confusion over the classification; thus making it difficult to measure the crime. In my opinion the most logical way in which we should use the measures of crime and deviance is by using all of them together, instead of separately. Through this we will get a broader and clearer picture of crime in the UK as each method covers various holes in the other methods data. For example the official statistics may give us data on the reported crimes there is no way of knowing how many crimes go unreported, but through self-report studies can begin to see a general figure of unreported crimes.