Influence of Cannabis Abuse Variables on Psychotic Symptoms

Influence of Cannabis Abuse Variables on Psychotic Symptoms Influence of variables of cannabis abuse on psychotic symptoms and their severity: an Indian experience Abstract: Context: Cannabis is probably the most commonly used illicit drug. While not all cannabis users present mental health problems, heavy cannabis use may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities, psychotic illness, and mood disorders. Cannabis-induced psychosis is not easily distinguishable from schizophrenic symptomatology, although it is characterized by more bizarre behaviour, violence, panic, more agitation, and less blunting of affect, and incoherent speech. Aims: To evaluate severity of various psychotic symptoms in relation to variables of cannabis abuse. Settings and Design: A cross sectional study of 30 male patients admitted at tertiary psychiatric centre, with diagnosis of cannabis induced psychosis was carried out. Methods and Material: Cannabis abuse variables along with psychotic symptoms severity on BPRS scale was obtained. Statistical analysis used: SPSS-17 was used for analysis, and significance level was at p-value Results: The symptoms that were associated with increased severity in majority of patients were hostility (83%), excitement (77%), and elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness and motor hyperactivity were preset in more than 60% of individuals in range of severe to very severe form. Conclusions: Patients with long duration and early onset of cannabis abuse were presented with more severe form of psychosis. Frequency of cannabis use was not significantly correlated with total BPRS score, although amount spent over cannabis was significantly associated with total BPRS score. Family history of cannabis abuse predicted early onset of cannabis abuse. Introduction Cannabis is probably most commonly used illicit drug. [1,2] It is widely used in India and is an integral part of Indian culture and religious customs.[3,4] The correlation between cannabis and negative mental health outcomes has been unequivocally established [1,5,6,7,12]. While not all cannabis users present mental health problems, [5] epidemiological studies suggest that heavy cannabis use during adolescence may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities and psychotic disorders.[1,8-10] Use of cannabis at early age and high frequency are associated with a greater risk of problems [5,7,11]. Arendt et al. consider that this cannabis-induced psychosis is an early expression of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals rather than part of the differential diagnosis [12]. Moore’s review reported a 40% higher risk of psychosis in subjects who occasionally used cannabis and a probability of 50% to 200% higher in regular cannabis users [13]. Swedish Conscripts Study (Andreasson et al.) of inductees into the military reported a risk for schizophrenia 2.4 times higher among those who had used cannabis by 18 years than among non-users [14,24]. This cannabis-induced psychosis is not easily distinguishable from Schizophrenic symptomatology, [15,19] although it has been characterized by more bizarre behavior, violence, panic, more hypomanic symptoms and agitation, and fewer hallucinations and less blunting of affect and incoherent speech.[20,21] Need of the current study Studies have found cannabis associated psychosis a constellation of affective symptoms (euphoria, increased psychomotor activity), [16,17,18] whereas others have found similarity with schizophrenic symptomology of social withdrawal, thought disorder and disorganized behavior [19,22] so there is immense need to define the presenting features of this disorder in Indian population. Additionally phenomenology of the cannabis use disorder need to be explored to clearly define, identify and manage this population. Despite widespread use of cannabis there is lack of research data from most part of the world including India. Aims and objectives: Based on the existing literature we formulated following hypothesis that â€Å"Patients with cannabis associated psychosis have different symptom profile than other common psychiatric disorders, relating to variables of cannabis abuse e.g. dose, frequency, duration†. To test the hypothesis following objectives were formulated To assess variables of cannabis abuse in patients with cannabis associated psychosis. To explore the relationship between variables of cannabis abuse, and individual symptom profile and total BPRS score. Subjects and Methods: Patients in whom there was temporal association of cannabis use with onset of psychotic illness were included in the study. The study included 30 consequentially admitted, Hindi speaking patients of 18-50 years of age at tertiary psychiatric centre in north India from March 2011 to July 2011. Patients with mental retardation, a significant medical condition compromising ability to participate, history of head injury with any documented cognitive sequele, and inability to provide informed consent were excluded from study. Patients having history of psychiatric illness prior to onset of cannabis abuse, predominant abuse/dependence of other psychoactive substance and having any other significant medical illness were also excluded from study. Study design: A cross sectional study of subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria was carried out. After recording socio demographic data, each participant in the study was subjected to questionnaire regarding his cannabis abuse and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). To measure the quantity of cannabis intake by individual indirect measure in form of average amount (INR) spent daily was inquired. The age of onset, duration of abuse, and cause of onset- accidental, casual, peer group and offer by elder family members were recorded. The history of cannabis abuse as well as psychiatric illness in other family members was inquired. Results: Majority of the participants were young male adults of the rural background. About 47 % (n-14) of them were unmarried and 60 % (n-18) were belonged to joint family. All the study participants were formally educated and at least one family member of about 43% (n-13) of participants had history of cannabis abuse. As it has been shown in table 2 majority of the study participants were abusing cannabis for more than 10 years with mean duration of cannabis abuse 14.2 years. 50 % of the individuals experienced first cannabis intake before age of 13 years with average onset of cannabis use 14.5 years. Majority of the participants (66%) were daily cannabis abusers. More than 2/3 rd of the subjects was spending Rs. 15 per day on average over the cannabis. Onset of cannabis was occurred mostly due to influence of peer group (n-21). The symptoms that were associated with increased severity in majority of patients were hostility 25 (83%), excitement 23 (77%), and elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness, distractibility and motor hyperactivity in more than 60% of individuals. Other symptoms that were present in severe to very severe form in more than half individuals were hallucinations, unusual thought content, uncooperativeness, and self neglect. Suicidability and tension was absent in 28(93%) of p atients, depression and motor retardation was absent in 25(83%) of participants, guilt was absent in 70% of patients and blunted affect, conceptual disorganization and emotional withdrawal were completely absent in >60% of individual patients. Correlation with duration of cannabis abuse Long duration of abuse was negatively correlated with depression and hostility but other symptoms like suspiciousness, hallucinations, unusual thought content were positively correlated. Duration of cannabis abuse was significantly associated with total BPRS score (p-0.002). Patients with long duration of cannabis were presented with more severe form of psychosis than patients with short duration of cannabis abuse. Correlation with Age of onset of cannabis abuse Older age of onset of cannabis use was significantly associated with depression (p Correlation with frequency of cannabis abuse Frequency of cannabis abuse was significantly associated with self neglect (p-0.007) and tension (p Correlation with amount spent over cannabis The amount spent over cannabis was significantly correlated with anxiety (p-0.030), hallucinations (p-0.001), bizarre behavior (p Discussion: This study was aimed at determining clinical symptoms in relation to variables of cannabis abuse. All subjects were male. This could be attributable to low levels of substance use among females in general and cannabis in particular. Age range was wide and may be due to variation in genetic vulnerability to psychosis, dose of cannabis and duration of illness leading to variable age at presentation. Positive symptoms (motor hyperactivity, excitement, hostility, elevated mood, suspiciousness, grandiosity) were found at higher frequency than negative symptoms (blunted effect, emotional withdrawal and motor retardation). Hallucinations were present in only half of the participants. Other symptoms of the psychosis like conceptual disorganization and catatonic symptoms were absent. Our result was in support of Vani Kulhali and colleagues [23] finding that patients with cannabis associated psychosis had high positive scores (>5) on respective BPRS items were hostility 25 (83%), excitement 23 (77%), and motor hyperactivity, elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness, distractibility in more than 60% of individuals. The least common symptoms were suicidability and tension 2 (6), depression and motor retardation 5 (15%), guilt was present in 30% of patients and blunted affect, conceptual disorganization and emotional withdrawal were completely absent in >60% of individuals. Most studies have reported that cannabis produces psychosis with prominent positive symptoms [16,1718]. Our findings are in keeping with these studies. Scores on BPRS reflected both the total intensity and the profile of psychopathology. Thus our findings largely confirm that reports of other authors that cannabis produces a psychosis with predominantly affective features and more of positive symptoms. Family history of drug disorders is regarded as risk factor for substance use including cannabis, whether it also results in increased vulnerability to cannabis psychosis is not clear. Conclusions The implication of this study is that cannabis contributes in causing and modifying psychosis. Several noteworthy findings emerged from this heterogeneous sample of cannabis associated psychosis. First the severity of psychotic episode was significantly associated with younger age of onset of cannabis abuse and increased spending was associated with more severe psychotic episode. Second family history of psychosis was not associated with increased severity of cannabis abuse, although family history of psychosis predicted more severe excitement, elevated mood and grandiosity and early onset of cannabis abuse. Limitations of the study As this was a cross sectional study and cannabis variables were obtained from interview possibility of â€Å"recall bias† can`t be ruled out. It was not possible to measure the amount of cannabis in unit time. Proxy used to represent this variable may not be representative of active ingredient of delta- 9THC. We have to rely on the subjects `self- report` of not using any other substances and were unable to objectively verify this report. Thus, the possibility that some symptoms were related to abstinence from other drugs cannot be completely excluded. Wide age range could be a drawback of study since homogeneity in duration of illness and amount of cannabis abuse could not be ensured.

Promote Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour

Promote Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour Student name: Yasmin Albadri    Summarise the policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting children and younger peoples positive behaviour Evaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support children and young people to: a. Feel safe, b. Make a positive contribution, c. Develop social and emotional skills, d. Understand expectations and limits Explain the benefits of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and younger peoples behaviour in accordance with policies and procedures of the setting. Explain the benefit of actively promoting positive aspects of behaviour. Demonstrate ways of establishing ground rules with children and young people which underpin appropriate behaviour and respect for others. Demonstrate strategies for promoting positive behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting. Demonstrate realistic, consistent and supportive responses to children and young peoples behaviour. Provide an effective role model for the standards of behaviour expected of children, young people and adults within the setting. Demonstrate strategies for minimising disruption through inappropriate behaviour of children and young people. Demonstrate strategies for managing inappropriate behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting. Apply rules and boundaries consistently and fairly, according to the age, needs and abilities of children and young people. Provide support for colleagues to deal with inappropriate behaviour of children and young people. Explain the sorts of behaviours or discipline problems that should be referred to others and to whom these should be referred. Recognise patterns and triggers which may lead to inappropriate behavioural responses and take actions to pre-empts, divert or diffuse potential flash points. Use agreed strategies for dealing with challenging behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting Access and manage risks to own and others safety when dealing with challenging behaviour. Support children, young people and colleagues to identify the situations and circumstances which trigger inappropriate behavioural responses and ways of avoiding these from happening. Recognise and take immediate action to deal with any bullying, harassment or oppressive behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting. Demonstrate ways of supporting children and young people to review their behaviour and the impact of this on others, themselves and their environment. Demonstrate ways of supporting children and young people with behavioural difficulties to identify and agree behaviour target Use own knowledge of promoting positive behaviour to contribute to reviews of behaviour policies, including bullying, attendance and the effectiveness of rewards and sanctions. Provide clear and considered feedback on the effectiveness of behaviour management strategies to inform policy review and development. Task 1. Everyone who works in the school setting needs to be aware of the policies and procedures and have the responsibility to model a high standard of behaviour. Policies offer consistency, all staff must treat the same sorts of behaviour the same and children will know what to expect. When a staff does not follow, the policy may lead confusion for children. All staff has rules to deal with misbehaving behaviour by the children which never shout, respect children, listen, address the problem, establish the fact, use sanctions carefully. At Drayton-green primary school, children are supervised when they are in a play time, when they are in the lunch hall and when they are lining up to the class, to the hall. All staff is agreed to the positive behaviour promotion strategies and sanctions. To promote a positive behaviour, we all should encourage children to do their best with their learning and while they have a positive behaviour as that increase the motivation by recognising their success in which give suitable praise, writing a positive comment in the childs work, use suitable stickers, house points, celebration assembly that include nominate who has achieved a high standard of work or positive behaviour a star of the week then an award certificate from the head teacher, this will teach children that unacceptable behaviour is not acceptable in the school environment, this includes bullying, disruption behaviour, disrespect staff, etc. that will lead to have verbal warning, detention may be given, parent informed, discipline, etc. Task 2. Feel safe -Drayton-green primary school ensures that they are meeting the five aims and outcomes of every child matters such as feel safe and make a positive contribution. The school guarantees that all children feel safe and secure in the school setting from bullying and discrimination because the rules of the school rule are to have a safe and happy learning environment. When the child worries from something happened, or will happen later, the school encourages children to talk if they have any concern and will ensure the child is secured and protected from any harm may cause to him also the school encourages parents to talk if they have any issue or worries may be experiencing. Make a positive contribution-Drayton-green primary school ensures that childrens views are reflected in the curriculum teaching and planning. Its important that parents are encouraging their children to develop their positive behaviour and relationships as that increase their confidence with everyday challenges. The school awards children because of their hard work, good behaviour, help others as that present a good example to encourage others to do the same. Develop social and emotional skills- its important to ensure childrens social and emotional skills are developed to develop a healthy, social and emotional life. Its important to ensure children learn social skills in which they need to know to take turns, learn to cooperate and able to respond positively in certain circumstances as that able them to gain confidence in social situations. Understand expectations and limits- all children and young people in the school setting have the knowledge of the expectations and limits of how the school works. All children must follow the schools guidelines that are set such as golden rules and class rules by the school. Children know that within the school they must develop the sense of responsibility for which to apologise when needed, accept other actions and behaviour, the opportunity to help others and avoid over reactive and take one responsibility. Task 3. Consistency is imperative to achieving good behaviour in schools. The entire staff must employ the same standards. Pupils have consistency from adults, so they know what they are expecting from them and know where they stand. If one adult tells pupil one thing and another adult tell them something different then that will confuse children about whats right and wrong, the same as the rules and boundaries, all staff must say the same thing and the wording must fall into the policies of Drayton-green primary school. At our school, we say, for example, your behaviour is not acceptable instead of saying you are naughty as this language is not allowed. Task 4.   At work setting, when I am working with a year 2 group, it becomes obvious that we have certain circumstances with inappropriate behaviour on a regular basis such as children talking to each other, taking others pencils, talking while the teacher describing a learning activity, not listening to the teacher, etc. and that would be good if we keep a record of their bad behaviour situation and if that happen again, then if possible we try to avoid it, but when the child is having unacceptable behaviour again then we need to remove the child from his place and make him sit somewhere where he can only listen to the teacher and in many time we need to speak to the child to show how their behaviours are, for example disturbing others, hurt others feeling, etc. Its important to make it clear to the child so he/she will not have the same behaviour.   When teachers recognising that children are behaving well and listen, then the teacher gives them praise for their good behaviour. Once children realise they are obtaining teachers attention, then they will repeat having the same behaviour. If children want the teachers attention, then will know how to achieve it. Doing this will promote positive behaviour as B.F. Skinner discovered that its important to concentrate on the positives and certain behaviours can be changed and improved. The alternative such as nagging children to stop, being quiet, and sit down as that I am paying attention to children who are misbehaving. Task 13.This is when there are situations require more staff for instance, when there is a child is dangerous, a child is behaving unpredictably and could be dangerous or when I dont feel in control of the situation then I need to call for help because the other staff have specialist knowledge and know how to deal with them. When there is a child with behaviour issue, then the school will have many options in hand to deal with the child such as the school may give them a warning, inform the parents, inform the social worker, etc.

Sickle Cell Disease Essay -- Diseases Health Medical Medicine Essays

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it is much more widespread in some people. "One out of 600 African Americans and one out of 1,000 to 1, 400 Hispanic Americans" are affected. (2). However, there are other populations who are especially affected, as well. These include, but are not limited to "Arabs, Greeks, Italians, and people from India."(1) As it is plain to see, the disease can affect many different types of people. Now that we know whom this illness should concern, we must discuss what exactly the disease is. "The genetic defect that causes sickle cell anemia affects hemoglobin." (3). Hemoglobin is a constituent of red blood cells. Its job is to take oxygen to all the cells and tissues in the body. "Red blood cells that contain normal hemoglobin are soft and round. Their soft texture enables them to squeeze through the body's small blood vessels."(3) People with SCD, however, have a type of irregular hemoglobin. "A genetic error makes the hemoglobin molecules stick together in a long, rigid rods after they release oxygen. These rods cause the red blood cells to become hard and sickle-shaped, unable to squeeze through tiny blood vessels. The misshapen cells can get stuck in the small blood vessels, causing a blockage that deprives the body's cells and tissues of b... ...ealthy and fulfilling lives. Treatments such the ones mentioned make this a possibility. Also, people affected by the disease can help themselves by living a healthy life which includes eating a proper diet, getting adequate exercise, and reducing stress. As people who are not afflicted by the disease we can do something to help. We can donate blood and bone marrow in hopes of being a match to a suffering patient. This disease does not only affect the African American community, as is popular known, it affects us all. Internet Sources: 1)Sickle Cell Anemia http://www.pediatrics.emory.edu/SICKLE/sicklept.htm 2) Sickle Cell Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000527.htm 3)New Hope for People with Sickle Cell Anemia , http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/496_sick.html 4)Sickle Cell Anemia, http://www.mamashealth.com/Sickle_Cell.asp

stop spanking: save the children Essay examples -- essays research pap

Spanking has been used for many years and it must come to an end. Also known as corporal punishment, spanking is most often used as a form of discipline. Although it is said to have some benefits, the negative consequences far outweigh the good. According to Dr. Wilson and Dr. Lyon, â€Å"physical punishment delivered in anger with the intent to cause pain is unacceptable and dangerous to the health and well being of the child.†( Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) It is important for spanking to stop because it is ineffective, causes more problems and because there are other options to consider. While many parents are still spanking their children when they are being naughty, they do not stop to consider how effective this method is. Is this method really working? A question Dr. Phil McGraw asks is: what does a child learn by being hit?(Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking, online) The answer to this question is different for every child, but in many instances you are telling your child that violence is acceptable and that it is an okay way to react when you’re mad .(Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking, online) Although commonly used throughout households with children, not much can be said for spanking’s long term success. To begin with, the only way to maintain the original effect of spanking, is to increase the force with which it is delivered. This can quickly escalate into abuse. (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) Using spanking as a method can turn into a quick fix whenever the child misbehaves, rather than using other rational techniques fo r each scenario. Finally, positive reinforcement and other discipline techniques are more difficult to implement when spanking has been used as a primary method of discipline. (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) As might be expected, the lack of effectiveness also leads to negative consequences and more problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continued use of spanking can lead to some harmful effects and long lasting negative lessons. It is common knowledge that children learn from what they are taught. What lessons would the like our child to learn from spanking? According to L.D. Eron, â€Å"spanking models aggressive behavior as a solution to conflict and has been associated with the increased aggression in preschool and school children.† (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) The c... ...ful. Spanking must stop, because no child should die at the hands of their parents. Works Cited Cohen P. â€Å"How can generative theories of effective punishment be tested?† Pediatrics 1996; 98:834-836 Graziano AM, â€Å"Subabusive Violence in Child Rearing in Middle-class American Families.† Pediatrics 1996; 98:845-848 Eron Ld â€Å"Research and public policy†. Pediatrics 1996; 98:821-823 McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Age-Appropriate Discipline Techniques†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Spanking Research†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) Strauss Murray PhD et al. â€Å"Spanking by Parents and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior of Children.† Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents Medicine 1997 Wilson DR, Lyman RD â€Å"Time-out in the treatment of childhood behaviour problems: implementation and research issues† Child Family Behaviour Therapy 1982; 4: 5-20

History Recycled in the Works of T.C. Boyle Essay -- Biography Biograp

History Recycled in the Works of T.C. Boyle      Ã‚     "Past and present, sharply separated by the chapter structures, are fused in motifs and unstressed parallels" (DeMott 52).   History's repeating itself is a dominant theme throughout T.C Boyle's novels. If people do not learn from past mistakes, they are likely to fail again. By revisiting history, Boyle teaches the importance of awareness and caution of an ever-changing society. In The Tortilla Curtain a specific migrant problem in the 1930s is modified to fit modern immigration. Candido and America's battle for survival after immigrating to the United States repeats a similar event depicted in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.   Boyle's twisted short stories in the If the River was Whiskey mirror events in history in the light of modern times.   The similarities between the Van Brunts and the Van Warts in The World's End contribute to identical generations, separated by three hundred years.   Boyle attacks modern society's conceited, self-absorbed attitude, and he discourages reiteration of the past.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Tortilla Curtain, Boyle recycles a past   dilemma, as he writes of a problem similar to the "Dust Bowl" migration of the 1930s.   Candido Rincon and his wife America travel from Mexico to America through the "Tortilla Curtain," searching for work, while constantly striving to achieve the American Dream.   In this journey, the Rincons encounter several racist obstacles including a pack of white men who beat and rape America during her pregnancy, leaving her to die.   Constantly searching for work and money takes Candido mentally and physically away from his wife. High in the Arroyo Blanco ("white rice") Estates lives the Mossbacher family, which dwells in the... ...nglisch.schule.de/boyle/boylerev.htm (5/19/99) Kakutani, Michiko.   "Review of World's End."   New York Times, September 23, 1987, p. C27.   Rpt. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 55.   Detroit: Gale, 1988.   92 vols. Rettberg, Scott.   " Interview with T.C. Boyle."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://authors.miningco.com/library/weekly.htm (5/7/99) Spencer, Scott.   "The Pilgrim of Topagana Creek."   New York Times Book Review.   Sept. 3 1995, p.3.   Rpt. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 90.   Detroit: Gale, 1995.   92 vols. Ulin, David L. "Boyle Wonder."   The Village Voice November 10, 1998, Vol. 43 Issue 45, p.132 _____.   "Lost in the Funhouse."   Bloomsbury Review.   Nov-Dec. 1989, p.5. Rpt.   Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol.90.   Detroit: Gale, 1995. 92 vols. "At a Glance: The World's End by T.C. Boyle" http://.www.amazon.com/exec.htm (5/4/99)

Using Case Studies from Specific Companies, Outline How Seriously Multinationals Address the Risk of Co2 Emissions?

Using case studies from specific companies, outline how seriously multinationals address the risk of CO2 emissions? Nowadays many people are concerned about the global warming and this focused the attention on another really serious problem – the increasing level of CO2 emission in the atmosphere. At higher concentration this gas is considered extremely toxic, therefore this issue has to be seriously taken in consideration. Unfortunately, with every year passing this process is accelerating.On that account, many countries gathered their strength in equalizing the greenhouse gases levels in the atmosphere and signed an agreement at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Also many multinational companies decided to assist and help with the situation by using different strategies for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Realizing the gravity of the situation, many industrialized countries focused on achieving the ultimate goal – reducing their emissions of g reenhouse gases. On 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan 37 countries have signed a protocol, which oblige them to lower their overall emissions by 5. % compared by the level from 1990. The Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. As the main polluters of the environment, these countries managed to gather their strengths for the future of our planet. The only remaining major polluter, which has not signed the protocol is the United States. Not only countries recognized the danger of CO2 emissions, but also multinational companies are thinking about the future of our world. For example, more and more major auto manufacturers, as the one’s to be blamed for the increasing level of gases, commit to eco-friendly developments.For instance, hybrid engines, which use not only fuel, but also energy in order to reduce Co2 emissions. In fact the first gasoline-electric car was developed in the distant past by Ferdinand Porsche in 1901. Unfortunately, this technology became widely av ailable when it was released for mass production in Japan in 1997 by Toyota. This is the first manufacturer, which sells hybrid vehicles in Japan and the United States in 2002, and is now leader in this emerging field. The company’s Research and Development division has also responsible for many other breakthroughs in eco-friendly engines.For example Variable Valve Timing-intelligent engine, Direct-Injection petrol and Direct-Injection common rail diesel engines. All of these improved engines are built to reduce fuel consumption and emission levels. On the other hand, Toyota may be not so green as we think it is. After the company has become one of the three major automotive companies and joined the Detroit Three in 2007, it lost the trust of the environmental community. First of all, Toyota supported a lawsuit, which was about to reduce toxic emissions from cars by 30% within a decade.This legislation would require cars to get up to 43 miles per gallon. And this is not profi table for the company. To sum up I would like to quote Keith Naughton from â€Å"Newsweek Magazine†. He said : â€Å"Toyota is discovering it isn't easy being green while going for the green. † While Toyota is just pretending to be eco friendly, there is another also Japanese company, which is focusing it’s efforts to reduce global warming emission. Yamaha Motor is taking a whole new approach in reducing the CO2 emissions – not only in it’s products, but also in the company’s entire business activities.For example, they reduced the C02 emissions in the Nakaze Factory (The factory, which paints and forms the parts for the motorcycles) by approximately 289 tons by installing solar and wind power generators. Unfortunately, this generators will just be used only for lightning and air conditioning in the office buildings. If Yamaha really wants to contribute in reducing the global warming gases, it will have to came up with many similar ideas and to power more electronics, which are used in the factory.In my opinion, most of the multinationals companies do not really care about the environment. They are using the nowadays trend to live greener life, in order to attract more customers. I think, that almost all of them have some hidden agenda to advertise and promote themselves. This is a serious issue, which we are facing. Each and every one of us can contribute to the solving of the problem. For example we can take the public transport more often, recycle or bye energy efficient light bulbs. Everyone have to understand, that this planet is not only for us.We have to leave a place for our children to live in. The world has already recognized the gravity of the situation. There is a serious problem, which we are facing and if we don’t cut the emissions there might be no place for the future generations to grow. The Kyoto Protocol is a major progress in reducing the carbon dioxide emissions. Personally, I am optimistic about the future. Many multinational companies are aware of their harmful impact on the environment and they have committed themselves to eco-friendly innovations and are aking various approaches in lowering the level of carbon dioxide. All in all, we are obligated to assure our children’s future. Planet Earth is our home, and we have to anything we can to save it. References: 1. Ellerman, A. Denny et al. (December 1998). The Effects on Developing Countries of the Kyoto Protocol and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Trading. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2019. Available From: http://ssrn. com/abstract=569250 [Assesed August 13, 2004] 2. Hayes, James. (3/6/2010). Whose CO2 is it anyway?.Engineering ; Technology [online]. Vol. 5 Issue 4, p48-50. Available from: http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? sid=72a4efd7-5e6e-47b2-884a-45713a7b4001%40sessionmgr11;vid=1;hid=15;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth;AN=48847280 3. Richard Schmalensee, Thomas M. Stoker, and Ruth A. Judson. (February 1998). World Carbon Dioxide Emissions: 1950–2050. [online]. Review of Economics and Statistics[online]. Vol. 80, No. 1 , Pages 15-27 4. Naughton, Keith. (Nov 10, 2007). Toyota’s Green Problem. [online].In Newsweek magazine. Available from: http://www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2007/11/10/toyota-s-green-problem. html 5. Sedgwick, David. (5/23/2011). Detroit 3 make big gains in supplier survey. Automotive News[online]. Vol. 85 Issue 6465, p1-29. Available From:http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? sid=05d16e37-af1c-4a3a-873a-05636d5a7679%40sessionmgr14;vid=1;hid=15;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=b 6. Unknown, (2011) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc. int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830. php

Police Organization Essay

I this paper I am button to explain to you the versatile types of law of nature agencies at the local, defer, and federal direct and how to each one is organized. I will in like worldner identify the leash roles and functions of law organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. When I am finished with my paper you should flip a better instinct of constabulary organizing and how police organization works. The United States has one and only(a) of the most complex law enforcement systems because of the several(a) levels of their policing agencies. In the United terra firmad each town, county, state, city, and sm tout ensemble resolution has its oh policing agency. flat though there are various police agencies the structural organization is similar. This is because all law enforcement agencies imbibe the same objective. The organizations of the police agencies are hierarchical. Police institutions notify be analyzed like organizations with several headston e components (Alvarado, 2008). These organizations are designed with rank structure, discontinue departments and units. These components work together to form a fully functioning law enforcement agency. round examples of local agencies are city, county, town, and incorporated village police.These agencies work together in identify to ensure safety at a local level. There are many an(prenominal) different functions and roles of the local police agencies. local police are responsible for(p) for do many routine activities. The duties include patrolling the resemblance community, enforcing the law, providing emergency services, conducting investigations, and upholding community relations. Local police are not responsible for enforcing the law outside their jurisdiction and assistant is undeniable at a higher level (Congressional Digest, 1965). As far as state level goes there are also various agencies.These agencies include state and user interface say-so police. State police agencies have many roles when it comes to the law. The state agencies are responsible for keeping the area within the state safe, keep our highways safe, and keep our parks quit of crime, violent, and violations. Federal levels are responsible for approaching in and stepping up when our lower levels of authority are in desperate gather up of second ( example An older man meeting up with a girl whom he had met online). The FBI has to get involved when it comes to this. sometimes also when dealing with federal you exterminate up dealing with government as head.The FBI and other federal police help solve crimes that lower authority cannot superintend or sometimes just impoverishment some help. So as you can see the police levels have to be well organized in array to be effective and in well working order. In this paper I have explained to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I have also identified the chi ef roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. You should outright have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works.