Artificial Tanning Essay -- Skin Cancer Culture Papers

Artificial TanningJim Rice loved the way common topazning made him look and feel, that is, until he became personally affected by the dangers that came with the frivolous speciousness and glamour of a nice tan. Artificial drubbing has become a sub-culture for youths across the nation. Those who do not go tanning are a nonage and those who do tan ignore the health risks posted in every tanning booth and bed in the state of Massachusetts. However, for Jim Rice, a middler chemical technology major at Northeastern University, the health risks of tanning transformed into a frightening reality.Recreational tanning was always the hip thing to do second in high check, said Rice. But when I started to notice skin discoloration on my lower hip during my senior year of high school it wasnt so hip anymore.When doctors told Rice that he had pre-cancerous cells in existing moles he didnt think much of it. He figured that he would have the moles removed and his worries would be over.I got the most perplexed when my dermatologist told me to stay out of the sun and wear sunscreen at all times, said Rice. It was as if being tan was more of a priority than his health. Following his initial surgery, Rice had to pay a trip to his skin doctor every six months. Upon his first put down back to the doctor, Rice was diagnosed with two cancerous growths - one pre-cancerous and one cancerous. Another surgery would have to take place immediately. Suddenly, Rice looked back on his haunt tanning salon habits and his darkness competitions with fellow lifeguards over the summers in utter regret.Rice has had seven surgeries since. He had plastic surgery to help reduce the scarring on his body. His doctors placed him on an extremely high risk f... ... admits that she is impatient and would rather get spray-tanned in 30 seconds over sweating in a tanning bed for twelve minutes. There are no proven health risks of spray tanning as of right now however the FDA is investigating the gumshoe of the DHA component in the Mystic Tan.Everyone should be aware that what happened to me could very possibly happen to anyone, said Rice. The risks that come along with tanning are not far from a reality, even if they sneak up on people ten or twenty years down the road. Rice understands that tanning provides an eventual(prenominal) self-esteem boost. Although Rice wishes that he could get his tan back, he realizes that tanning is only a temporary satisfaction. He has learned this the hard way. People very need to weigh out how important tanning is to them and if they are prepared to deal to the consequences, said Rice.

Comparing How Two Midwestern Towns Respond to Immigration Essay

How Two Midwestern Towns Respond to Immigration The phrase, small Midwestern towns, often brings to mind an unfortunate stereotype in the minds of big-city urbanites mundane, backward commonwealth in a socially unappealing and legally archaic setting. Small Midwestern towns, however, are not all the hovels of provincial intellect that they are so frequently made out to be. The idiosyncrasies each of them possesses are lost on those who have never taken more than a passing glance at them. After living in two small towns, I have developed an appreciation for their unique respective qualities. Wausau, Wisconsin and Goshen, Indiana are no exception to this rule of singularity. In addition to their specific identities, these towns have the added variable of two distinct and sizable immigrant populations, Wausaus immigrants being largely Ming, Goshens immigrants being largely Mexican. While Wausau and Goshen may seem similar on a map of size, population, and non-i mmigrant demographics, they share little in their economic makeup, positional character, or active response to immigration. These differences of individualism settle their attitudes towards immigration. Wausaus identity is supple and accommodates the redefinition that immigration demands. Goshens identity is taut and rejects the redefinition. One reason for Goshens comparatively negative attitude towards immigration is the perceived threat to job security. there is a large population of blue-collar factory workers and there are numerous factories in the Goshen area. Indeed, one can hardly go eachwhere inwardly the Goshen municipality and be out of eyesight of some factory or industry-related structure. (My personal favorite o... ...ograms in place to protect immigrants are more effective and broadly supported. The political identities of these two towns shape their ability to respond effectively to immigration.Restricted by employment fears, a sense of ur ban expendability and relative political conservativism, Goshens identity has little room for the challenge of immigration. Wausaus less industrial economy, stronger sense of urban importance and comparatively liberal politics create a more tensile and malleable identity. Once examined beyond the traditional barometers of population, region and size, Wausau, Wisconsin and Goshen, Indiana actually have little in common. Certainly neither town is in any way definable as, mundane, backward or legally archaic, but rather each is striving, in their own singular ways, to achieve a balance among stable identity and unavoidable change.

The Timeless Truth of Madame Bovary Essay -- Madame Bovary Essays

The Timeless Truth of Madame Bovary Written in 1857, Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary has become a literary classic. Emma Bovary is a middle class country girl with a taste for rich things she marries a doctor and has a little girl. Her husband, Charles, adores her and thinks that she can do no wrong. He overlooks the sign of her adultery, telling himself that her gloominess is caused from her poor health, and forgives her excessive spending. Madame Bovarys excessive desires seem to come from her excessive reading of myths in which life seemed, to her, perfect. She tried to find pop what one meant exactly in life by the words felicity, passion, rapture, that had seemed to her so beautiful in books (45). Through Emma, Flaubert illustrates that not being satisfied with what one is given in life leads to a sorrow. Soon after Emma marries Charles, she finds that she is not satisfied with her new life, due to Charles lack of romantics. Emma thinks to herself early on in the marriage, A man, . . . should he not know everything, excel in the manifolds activities, initiate you into the energies of passion, the refinements of life, all mysteries? But this one Charles taught nothing, knew nothing, wished nothing. He thought her Emma happy and she resented this calm, this serene heaviness, the very happiness she gave him (54). Her take on for Charles to be more romantic and his ignorance of her feelings lead her to despise him. After a few years of their marriage, Emma has become so bored with her life that she has made herself screwball from want. Her boredom is so great that she wishes she could talk to her servant, but a sense of shame restrained her (81). She held herself above everyone, therefore isolat... ...ath does Emma come to realize that the best things in life is family and the happiness that it can provide. The selfishness that had ruled her life was nothing now all the things that were importune to before are now nothing. The things she had bought a nd the lovers she had been with are not with her now. single Charles and her little girl, the ones she had tried to flee from are with her now. The simple truth portrayed in Madame Bovary still pertains to the present, selfishness will lead to a life of discontentment. The Flaubert illustration of the unhappiness that thinking only of oneself can bring to others can still be seen in the world today. This is why Madame Bovary has lasted through the years as a novel full of timeless truth. Works Cited Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovery. Translated by Marx-Aveling, Eleanor. Grolier Incorporated, New York. N.D.

Michael Jordan :: Free Essays

Michael JordanMichael Jordan is an American Professional Basketball Player .I picked Michael for my biography because I consider him to bethe best basketball imposter in the NBA . Michael is recognized forhis spectacular ball handling skills and for his outrageous dunks .He is also the leading scorekeeper in the NBA , and a winner of threeNBA most valuable player award in 1988,1991, and 1992 . Jordan wasborn in Brooklyn , New York , and raised in Wilmington , northeastCarolina . He accepted a basketball scholarship at the University ofNorth Carolina and as a freshman he scored the winning shot inthe 1982 NCAA title halting .In 1984 Jordan led the U.S. basketball team tovictory in the Olympics . After that he left college to play for theChicago Bulls . Jordan was successful as a professional from his firstseason , Leading the NBA in the 1984-85 season in points scored . Healso was named rookie of the year and started in the All Star game .In the 1986-87 season Jordan became the s econd playerever to score 3000 points in one season . In the following sixseasons he led the NBA in scoring averaging more than 30 points pergame . Jordan led the Chicago Bulls to their first NBA championshiptittle in 1991, and did it again in 1992 and in 1993 . Jordanretired from basketball in 1994 to play baseball . He only played forabout one year but he didnt have what it took to be a baseballplayer . He came back to play basketball in the middle of the 1995season to lead the Bulls into the first round of the playoffs wherethey where beat .Jordan was the NBAs most valuable player for the 1987-88 season and again for the 1990-91 and the 1991-92 season . This isthe first time a NBA player won for two consecutive seasons .

Romania :: essays research papers

One day a man named Jim was sueing at as a herder. Jim was very smart but could not was stuck in the family business of herding sheep all day. Well, Jim had had enough. "I can do better than this." He said. "In fact, I look I will revolutionize the entire world." With that he dropped his shepherds crook and set to work on something that would make the world a better place.After months of work in his shed behind the small house he lived in, he had finally done it. "AT LAST I HAVE CREATED THE BEST subject EVER" He proclaimed. "Now all I have to do is figure out how to power it." You see, he had to find a power come because he had constructed a central processing unit capable of quadrillions of operations per second and hold an almost infinite ammount of data from only sheep dung. Yes, sheep dung. Well Jim had racked his caput for hours trying to find out how to make it work until it finally came to him. "I know Potatoes generate a marginal ammo unt of electricity, all i have to do is plug this baby into about 1 cardinal or so and i am set" Jim went out into the fields and gathering one million and one potatoes(one for himself for dinner) and created the battery for the computer. Finally, after months of hard work Jim was ready to unleash the power of his dung made, potato powered computer. With a deep breath he flipped the power switch. A deep hum ocurred and Jim continued to watch, intent on what was going to happen. After what seemed like an eternity, the computers crystal monitor came to life and the computer began booting."A SUCESS" Jim proclaimed as he jumped into the air. Yet, all was not for the best, upon booting up the operating system and moving the mouse about, Jim encountered it, the most feared thing in all of geekdom, yes, Jim had see the BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH Jim tryed control-alt-delete but to no avail, he tried alt-f4 and alt-tabbing out of the screen but nothing worked. Upon closer inspection of the screen Jim notice small print, he winced and could make out the letters "W...I...N...D...O...W...S""huh" jim said. "Windows?? I never made any windows...." But after reading the screen again he saw it, in plain type.

Romania :: essays research papers

One day a man named Jim was working at as a herder. Jim was very smart exactly could not was stuck in the family business of herding sheep all day. Well, Jim had had enough. "I can do better than this." He said. "In fact, I think I will override the entire world." With that he dropped his shepherds crook and set to work on something that would break the world a better place.After months of work in his shed shtup the small house he lived in, he had finally done it. "AT LAST I HAVE CREATED THE BEST THING EVER" He proclaimed. "at once all I have to do is figure proscribed how to power it." You see, he had to find a power source because he had constructed a telephone exchange processing unit capable of quadrillions of operations per second and hold an almost infinite ammount of data from only sheep dung. Yes, sheep dung. Well Jim had racked his brain for hours trying to find out how to make it work until it finally came to him. "I know Potatoes generate a marginal ammount of electricity, all i have to do is plug this baby into rough 1 million or so and i am set" Jim went out into the fields and gathering one million and one potatoes(one for himself for dinner) and created the battery for the computer. Finally, after months of hard work Jim was ready to unleash the power of his dung made, potato powered computer. With a latterly breath he flipped the power switch. A deep hum ocurred and Jim continued to watch, intent on what was going to happen. After what seemed like an eternity, the computers crystal monitor came to life and the computer began booting."A SUCESS" Jim proclaimed as he jumped into the air. Yet, all was not for the best, upon booting up the operating system and moving the mouse about, Jim encountered it, the most feared thing in all of geekdom, yes, Jim had experienced the BLUE SCREEN OF last Jim tryed control-alt-delete but to no avail, he tried alt-f4 and alt-tabbing out of the screen but not hing worked. Upon closer inspection of the screen Jim noticed small print, he winced and could make out the letters "W...I...N...D...O...W...S""huh" jim said. "Windows?? I never made any windows...." But after reading the screen again he saw it, in evident type.

Communication barriers Essay

One of the most challenging issues, any manager entrust face, is communication barriers. Process, personal, physical, and semantic barriers is what I will focus on throughout this essay. For me, as a manager, the combination of lack of formal upbringing and non-traditional schooling contribute to my communication flaws. The process by which a person interprets a message being delivered is known as the process of communication. When an error eliminates while two people are communicating this is known as a process barrier. This type of error can occur while using any form of communication including face to face, or media and can occur for many reasons. I, as a manager, struggle with encoding the messages I am trying to send. Due to my lack of formal upbringing and non-traditional schooling I view a hard time with vocabulary and correct word usage. sequence writing papers or emails I can use the built-in palingenesis tools to assist me such as spell check or grammar correct. I use a program like Word to check my grammar and spelling when possible.While speaking face to face with people I use simple vocabulary and ask detailed questions to better understand them when needed. Personal barriers is defined as any individual attribute that hinders communication. This particular area of communication is one that I have struggled with my whole life. I have a tendency to call on the carpet rattling fast and non listen so well. I have trained myself to remember that listening is one of the most important steps in communicating with people. I have attended effective communication seminars to help me understand the importance of listening. My main source of communication is face to face and not through media. When communicating through email or text I tend to lose a lot of what I am trying to say. I also focus on using constructive criticism. I have learned from personal experience that it is easier to get your point across when the sender is idle to hearing it.Fact ors such as bad signal, different time zone, and loud noise are known as physical barriers. Physical barriers is another big reason why I prefer face to face oppositions and conversations over media interactions. During a conversation the communicator can misperceive the receivers distraction by loud noise and think they are not listening or being rude. This can lead to a very frustrated communicator. When having important conversations with customers, employees, or other supervisors Ialways practice active listening. In order for active listening to be effective I require the meetings to be in a designated quite open area that is distraction free. I make sure we have adequate funding for the best technology available to subdue any media physical barriers. We have the best modems, and routers available to a small business. This helps lessen the possibility of signal interruption during our virtual online meeting with the owner during our periodical meeting.The way a person inter prets frequently used words can create a semantic barrier. An example of semantic barrier is a office I personally went through. I will never forget my first experience, I was a sensitive hire for a company within an persistence I knew nothing about. I had 8 years management experience in a service industry, but the fashion industry was foreign to me. My new old-timer said to me, We need to get those mannequins done tomorrow before we leave. The next day came and I assumed we would do them together, but to my surprise my boss never mentioned them. Three days later I was being formally wrote up for not completing an assigned task, also known as insubordination. I was shocked and very frustrated. Due to this situation, when speaking with employees, I always give clear, defined instructions and check for understanding before leaving an employee to perform a task.During day to day operations I have developed Jargon for our office. Previously all the doctors were referred to as docto r and all the patients were known as patients. This became very confusing when trying to discuss specific doctors or specific types of patients. For example patient in room 5 ready for doc would be announced. flat each type of patient, hall, and doctor have a specific call. The same statement as above on the new system would be NP, regretful hall, doc 5. It is very specific and leaves no room for wrong interpretation.The new practice of Jargon in the office reduced our semantic barriers dramatically. I am currently a manager for several doctors within one office here in Amarillo, Tx. I have developed procedures for my employees to follow when requesting a meeting with myself or other administrators so that we do not have any physical barriers. During the meeting I use tools such as active listening, imperative communication, and constructive criticism to ensure that there are minimal process or personal barriers. I encourage all employees to ask questions if they are not clear on what is expected of them. I have also developed a training program for our office Jargon that requires allemployees to attend meetings at a time a month to ensure their understanding of office terminology.

Article Critique on “Black Hair” Essay

This story discussed the life of a sixteen year older man who wanted to become independent in his life barely does not know how to start. The protagonist of the story was the narrator. He showed his life in a blurred path where he could not able how to distinguish the facts and fictions of life. It means that he is still incapable of being a productive individual in his society because he himself could not understand how his life works in the general perspective of human nature.Though he knows how things work, he could not suffice these things in normal and proper way. Because of this, the protagonist still need to learn from what is true, correctly, and wrong from everything that is beyond his reach so that there would be greater noesis and self-esteem that would grow in his identity. Based on my reading in the whole story, I can say that the whole setup of the story tackles the issues and ain identity of the persona. He pitied himself because he did not know what he is doing in his surroundings.He does not know how to look for a right job, right home, and right place to go in his everyday living. This became the conflict of the story. Everything was focused in his ways and perspectives as neophyte in his journey of life. At the end of the story, he remained clueless with those things that he figureed even the coke machine where he could not find one when he is thirsty. The implication of the story is that the author showed the angst of a youth man who seeks independence in the world of real life.When we are with our family, we could not feel the pressure of having a life. We always think of the better things that we could manage but through this story, we tend to realize how things work when we are already alone. It shows that life is always a cycle and a chosen ground. When we choose to ignore the things that we encounter during our early days, it would not give us the privilege to know what true life is because we are incapable of living to underst and and to learn things around us. address Soto, G. Black Hair pp. 296-302

Reflection Paper on “Amistad” Essay

Amistad was based on the true story of a group of Africans that were kidnapped and sold as slaves. They revolted against their captors and win, yet ar later defeated by a group of Americans. Upon arrival for their trial, they are represented by an attorney who wins their case several multiplication over but due to corruption and fear of civil war, they are constantly denied their victory until they fin eachy win out at the supreme tap as they were represented by once President of the USA, John Quincy Adams and are sent back home, to Africa. The movie focused on slavery. Slavery has always been the just about shocking phenomena of our world. Slavery was the first human rights issue to arouse wide international concern yet it still continues today. Slavery like practices remains a grave and persistent problem today. Slavery, by itself seems very unnatural and provokes mixed feelings from the heart of each person. Some people are descendants of those who used to be slaves years ago. Some faced slavery up to now in the contemporary times. And some people just simply do not understand the hypothesis of mavin human being considering an otherwise human being its slave. Slavery, by definition, is the first historical form of exploitation, under which a slave along with incompatible implements of production becomes the private property of the slave owner. So, in other words slavery converts an individual human being into a thing or thus far some kind of consumer item. This phenomenon has done a lot of harm to millions of people, taking away lives and destroying the fate of the people who could have been happy. The majorities of those who suffer are the poorest, most unsafe and marginalized social groups in society. Fear, ignorance of ones rights and the need to survive do not encourage them to speak out. Slaves might belong to a different race, religion, nationality, or ethnic background. By focusing on such differences, slave owners felt they could deny basic human rights to their slaves.As what stated in the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and moral sense and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. It means that all people are equal and that there is no superior and we should see this freedom. We must treat them as a people not as an animal. Aristotle said that to overpower people does not mean thatwe are superior to them in nature. Article 4 of the UDHR states that No one shall be held in slavery or servitude slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their form and Article 3 Section 18(2) of the Philippine Constitution states also that No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.This two provisions simply prohibits forced labor that no person shall be forced to work for the payment of a certain debt o r gratitude. Slavery is the product and the extension of unjust act. We have these laws to ensure us and protect our rights. perchance the most blatantly cruel and most obvious element of slavery is the fact that the slave loses his/her freedom. Slavery is the possession of another person as ones own property, thereby relieving them of their basic liberties and freedoms. This total disrespect for humanity was shown in a variety of ways. The slave had no rights whatsoever. The living and working conditions of slaves and their pabulum were extremely poor.Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. And despite many efforts to end slavery, it still exists today. Some 27 million people worldwide are enslaved or work as forced laborers. Thats more people than at any other point in the hist ory of the world. In rewrite to effectively eradicate slavery in all its forms, the root causes of slavery such as poverty, social exclusion and all forms of discrimination must be addressed. In addition, we need to promote and protect the rights of all especially the most vulnerable in our society.Where human rights violations have already been committed, we are called upon to help relate the dignity of victims. These people were brutally treated, experienced inhuman pain and still had the strength to try to learn to read or at least to try to somebody reading. It is necessary to pay tribute to all these people who in spite of the cruelty in their lives managed to remain kind inside and some of them even tried to understand their masters. As what Aristotle said, Liberty should be always held out to them as the reward of their services.

Conforming to the Majority Research Proposal Essay

Previous ResearchThe subject of conformity is one that has not been extensively researched over the years. There are very hardly a(prenominal) famous studies concerning conformity but of them Soloman E. Aschs stands out. In Aschs investigates, students were told that they were participating in a vision test. While unaware to the subject, the other players in the experiment were all(a) confederates, or assistants of the experimenter. Seated in a room with the other participants, you are shown a business concern segment and then asked to choose the matching line from a group three segments of different lengths. The experimenter asks each participant individually to select the matching line segment. Confederates are asked first and on some make everyone in the group chooses the correct line, but occasionally, they unanimously state that a different line is actually the correct match.While the subject knows for a occurrence that they are wrong, it is then that you find out whether o r not they pass on conform to the unanimous exercise or state what they know to be true. The results in Aschs experiment rang true to my own hypothesis. Close to 75 percent of the subjects in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least once. after combining all of the trials, the results showed that participants conformed to the incorrect group cause roughly one-third of the cartridge holder. To ensure that participants were capable of knowing which lines were correct in the first place they were asked to preserve brush up there answers privately on a sheet of paper. According to these results, participants chose the correct answer 98 percent of the time.The next study this researcher collected information from was interested in the consideration of mature in the conformity experiments. Considering most theories of conformity do not consider adult development. This study examined jump on differences and their responses for two types of tests ju dging geometric shapes and facial expressions. Participants were 21 younger women (18-35 years old) and 20 elderly women (63-85 years old). Researchers told the subjects to sit in one of four soundproof booths that were stocked with a desk, chair, headphones, and a microphone.They were told that the purpose of the experiment was to study how differently bulk judge slides of shapes and faces. The participants were leave alonen the code name blue and when called on would give their answer but previous to that the code names red, green, and yellow were called out and a recording of incorrect answers was played. Thus, the participants believed the other four participants were giving the incorrect answer. As predicted, older people, compared with their younger counterparts, displayed lower rates of social conformity.The next study this researcher divulged in was about the inhibitions of people whose opinion is not shared by the majority. The experiment involved 246 students of the Univ ersity of Toronto and 348 residents of Toronto. The researcher created surveys that were administered over the phone by a team of interviewers. Of the many questions asked several were what you could consider politically incorrect. For example, This clownish would be remediate off if we worried less about how equal people are. True or False? Once the question had been asked the interviewer started a timer and once the participant had answered stopped the timer. The results were as follows minority opinions took significantly longer to respond than that of majority opinions. Meaning that those who decided to answer with an opinion knowingly opposite of that of their fellow country took a longer time to admit their answer.In the next study, children at a preschool ages 4-6 years old were put in a similar spatial relation as Aschs subjects. In the classroom, there would be one minority student and the rest of the students would be told to give a wrong answer charm the minority stud ent was not in on it. They showed the students a book portraying a picture of an animal in size order small, metier and large.Once the picture had been shown they took it away and showed them several other books with different animals and students had to choose which animal they had previously seen. The confederates were apt(p) the correct answer to say out trumpet-like several times then randomly given the wrong answer. The results were as follows minority students gave a correct answer almost 100 percent of the time when there was no conflict with the majority but when conflicted with the majoritys incorrect answers the minority solitary(prenominal) answered correctly 50 percent of the time.Proposed MethodsThe researcher in this study wants to experiment the ideas of social conformity. They will use the structure set forth by Aschs (1956) original experimental design. This will test how people of a given age conform to peer pressure or stand against the majority and form the m inority opinion. When put in a placement where the majority of a group is answering incorrectly and the minority knows the true answer as a 100 percent fact, will they show license?Hypothesis. Given the previous research and Aschs experiment on conformity the researcher would have to presume that the minority will not show independence during this experiment. The majority will sway the minority to answer the way they have and will intimidate the minority. Social influences play a large role in this experiment and even larger role in our world today. Participants. The researcher in this experiment will use 60 volunteer students from the College of Staten Island (aged 18-22). This particular age group was specifically chosen, as it is believed that young adults of this age are already susceptible to peer pressure. The volunteers will be told that they will be participating in an eye exam testing the vision of college students. Participants will be separated into 4 gender-mixed grou ps of 15 students.The groups will be split as equally as possible between male and female. Within the group there will be 2 minority students and 13 majority students. The minority students will make up of 1 girl and 1 boy. The researcher will try to ensure that participants are not acquaintances. Methods. To begin this study the researcher will divide the subjects into their various(prenominal) groups. Once the students are divided they will take 13 of the 15 students and inform them of the true meaning of this experiment. They will be told that signals will be given when they are to give the wrong answer and a different signal when they are to give the correct answer. This is when the experiment will begin. Subjects will be position in a classroom with a research assistant standing in the back with a projector. When the experiment begins another research assistant will explain to the subjects the purpose of the experiment. They will say that they are part of a vision test and t hat there will be 1 line communicate onto the board with 3 other lines adjacent to it. Of these 3 other lines 1 will be identical to the example line while 1 is only inches different and 1 is clearly an incorrect answer.They subjects must identify the identical line. They research assistant will have each student write down their answer but before doing so go around the classroom and have each subject say their answer out loud. The confederates will answer first. They will know whether to say the correct answer or incorrect answer by how the research assistant asks them to begin. If the researcher says, Please give me your answer now the confederates will give a false answer. If the researcher says, And your answer is? then the confederates will give the correct answer. When the answer is very obvious and all of the confederates say the wrong answer it is then we will find out if the subject will defy the group and not give into the social pressure.

People v. Sisuphan Essay

Appellant Lou Surivan Sisuphan took $22,600 in cash and $7,275.51 from (Toyota Marin the dealership defendant) his employers safe on July 3, 2007. He did this in hopes that a coworker would be held responsible for the disappearance of the currency and would be terminated. Sisuphan was convicted of embezzlement on April 15, 2008. In June 2008 he appeals from the judgment of conviction, contending that the trial court made a mistake when it failed to instruct the jury that at the date he took the money, he intended to slip by it before criminal charges were filed. He also states that the trial court excluded proof on that he restored the money to the company, claiming this evidence proved he never intended to keep it and therefore lacked the requisite intent for the crime. IssueThe question, before us, therefore, is whether evidence that Sisuphan returned the money reasonably tends to prove he lacked the requisite intent at the time of the taking. Was his the Fifth Amendment right to present defense and all pertinent evidence of significance value to that defense violated? Rule of LawThe Fifth Amendment right to present defense and all pertinent evidence of significant value to that defense was not violated because the return of the property is not a defense to embezzlement. Fraudulent intent is an essential element of embezzlement. Although restoration of the property is not a defense, evidence of repayment may be relevant to the extent it shows that a defendants intent at the time of the taking was not fraudulent. AnalysisSince Martin Sisuphan was authorized to manage the pay contracts and obtain payments from lenders on behalf of the defendant the lawsuit was effective. It does not matter that there was no intent of stealing the money because Section 508 (of the California Penal Code) states either clerk, agent, or servant of any person who fraudulently appropriates to his ownuse, or secretes with a fraudulent intent to appropriate to his own use, any property of some other which has come into his control or care by virtue of his employment is guilty of embezzlement.HoldingThe issue is that Susuiphan intended to use the money for a social function other than to which the dealership entrusted it to him, therefore the evidence that he returned the money before criminal charges were filed is irrelevant. The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiff was sentenced to 120 days in custody and 3 years of probation.

Water Assisted Injection Moulding: a Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for Pa6.

KATHOLIEKE HOGESCHOOL LIMBURG De break-danceement Industriele Wetenschappen en Technologie piddle Assisted Injection Moulding A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual mole Thickness and the Occurrence of fragmentize Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen pissing Assisted Injection Moulding A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen JochenReceived 7 March 2011 Abstr cloak Although irrigate system assisted shaft cating is a coitusly new and good proficiency to produce jam digresss, several problems which write out the intersection point role slew occur. Namely, peeing supply inclusions in the environ, severe thumb and two-fold groyne defects reduce the product patch stiffness. This study investigated the lay out of the append age parameters body of pissing stack campaign invest, piddle dead reckoning bar date and melt temperature on the vocalisation defects to obtain a better agreement of the formation of these exposit defects.The force out on the symmetry palisade cargoiness and the metric weight unit of the products was also investigated. Three somatics were utilize devil polyamides and one polypropylene as a reference. The experiments were carried out on an stroke form tool equipped with a piss- stroke unit to produce hol suffering handles. The deseparate were weighed before and after drying, their debate heaviness was measured and their percentage of defects was calculated in order to determine the entrance of the passageing parameters. IR images and mechanical press profiles ware also commitd to investigate possible detection methods for part defects.It was nominate that all the investigated parameters have a monumental enamour on the relaxation rampart thickness and part defects. Their archetype settings depend on the actual and the desired properties since meek debate thicknesses and few part defects do non ever much(prenominal) tot up. IR images can give an indication for the presence of defects, nevertheless the inside building of the surface can non be examined victimization this technique. Key course peeing assisted injection edge, polyamide, processing parameters, proportion jetty thickness, touch, range of a function debate 1. 1. IntroductionThe development of the pissing assisted injection form (WAIM) technique has led to a breakthrough in the manufacturing of hol piteous-pitched or partly hollow plastic parts, which is non possible with the conventional injection molding process 1 2. These hollow parts are characterised by the lighter weight of the products, relatively commence resin costs per part and less(prenominal) shrinkage and warpage compared to conventional frameed products 3. several(prenominal) techniques are available for the proceeds of hollow parts. Two of the most important techniques for hollow parts are gas assisted injection moulding (GAIM) and pee assisted injection moulding (WAIM).The principle of urine assisted injection moulding is basically similar to gas assisted injection moulding, only when the use of urine has some interesting advantages over gas assisted injection moulding such as a shortstoper cycle condemnation and an average little residual hem in thickness of the products. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of irrigate are respectively 40 and 4 succession greater than those of gas 1, providing a better temperature reduction of the part and then a quick production. Water assisted injection moulding is better to mould larger parts with a smaller residual hem in thickness.An other(a) advantage of water system assisted injection moulding is the absence of the foaming phenomenon in the internal surf ace which can occur by using gas assisted injection moulding , since water does not dissolve or dissipate in the polymer melt during injection moulding. Disadvantages of water assisted injection moulding are part defects such as thumb and bivalent besiege arising in the internal surface. Also, the process is more composite plant so experience with conventional injection moulding is no guarantee for understanding water assisted injection moulding. The control f the process is much more critical, the design of the mould is more complicated and requires more knowledge of the dynamic interaction between the polymer and the plectron water 4. In addition, new water related processing parameters (water compress, water injection hold out age, water temperature, ) are involved and require proper adaption 5. The technology can be apply to mould a large variety of polymers, including glaze over fibre reinforced composites. Liu 6 reported the successful moulding of PP, PE, ABS and g lass fibre filled polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with water assisted injection moulding.According to our investigation, few researchers have described the moulding of pure polyamide 6 with the water assisted injection moulding technique. By understanding the water assisted injection moulding process for this polymer, one is able to optimize the production and improve the product quality of PA6 parts. The water assisted injection moulding process can be applied in four variations 1 6, which discord by the amount of injected polymer and introduction and evacuation of the water.In the short piquance moulding process the colliery is first partially filled with polymer and in the next sequence, richly gearly pressurised water is injected into the polymer core. The pressure is maintained during the cooling sequence to minimize the shrinkage and to further cool down the part. later on cooling, the water is evacuated and the part is ejected. This technique is expedient for thick parts, just now the important limitation is the switchover mark on the surface 7. This limitation can be eliminated by using the full s zesty moulding process in which the cavity is first completely filled with polymer.Next, the injection of water pushes the melt into a cavity positioned outside the cavity of the product. This overspill cavity arises by pulling back a core to enlarge the mould cavity for the overspill polymer which has to be upstage from the product afterwards. Full shot moulding makes it possible to mould parts with a more uniform residual hem in thickness through the end of the part in comparison to short shot moulded parts. Michaeli et al. 6 stated that the melt-push-back process is also capable to produce parts with a more uniform residual smother thickness dispersion.In this process the water is injected in the reversed watchfulness of the polymer injection and pushes the excess of melt back into the plasticizing unit. Finally, the core-pulling process uses a se ries of steel cores that are pulled back during water injection to increase the cavity masses and the product volume. This method produces parts with more uniform internal profiles in comparison to the former mentioned techniques. The investigated polymer, polyamide 6, is a semi-crystalline material that is classified as an engineering plastic.Beneficial properties of polyamide 6 over a wide range of temperatures and humidity are its higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal) strength, high stiffness and toughness, good wear and abrasion resistance, low coefficient of friction and good chemical and electrical resistance 8, 9, 10, 11. Further modification can be obtained by adding additives like fillers and plasticizers. Fillers achieve a better strength and stiffness, plasticizers cause higher(prenominal) toughness 12, 13. Modification of the molecular(a)(a) weight has also a distinguishable find out on the polymer properties.The main drawback of polyam ide 6 is the high moisture absorption affecting the rheological properties and deteriorating the processability. racy moisture absorption causes part defects and results in a problematic internal surface quality reducing the stiffness of the end product 14, 15, 16. The absorbed water in the polymer has two important roles. Firstly, the water molecules act as plasticizers reducing the hydrogen bond interactions between the polyamide chains. Secondly, due to the hygroscopic nature of polyamide 6, the absorbed water influences the condensation reaction equilibrium depending on the initial moisture content 17, 18.If the moisture content is less than prescribed thermodynamically, the reaction proceeds towards further condensation and an increase in molecular weight, increasing the unenviableness exponentially. If the moisture content is higher than determined by the equilibrium, a hydrolysis reaction occurs. This causes a decrease in viscosity as surface as degradation of the polyme r. To properly process polyamide 6, the pellets are preferably dried to small moisture levels. Possible part defects that may occur in water assisted injection moulding are finger and twofold wall.Liu and Lin 19, 20 investigated the problem of touch in water assisted injection moulded composites. The fingering phenomenon comprises the non-uniformly perceptivity of water bubbles or steam into the polymer wall outside the designed water enchants causing the formation of finger-shaped branches and small cavities in the polymer wall, which hunt down to a bad internal surface quality and a reduced part stiffness of the end product. touch depends on the dimension of the part thick parts commonly exhibit less fingering pattern than thin parts. Three actors might affect the formation of fingering.The first one is shrinkage of the polymer during cooling. During post-filling, the polymer undergoes volumetric shrinkage allowing water to penet enume yard into the parts. The more the pol ymer shrinks, the more water pass on penet prescribe into the part and causes fingering. However, this statement is in contradiction with the statement that thick parts exhibit less fingering, so research is necessary to investigate which conclusion is relevant for PA6. Shrinkage also depends on the crystallinity of the polymer. PA6 is a crystalline polymer and thereof expected to show more shrinkage than an amorphous polymer.Also, water injection moulded parts show more fingering than gas injection moulded parts since water has a higher cooling capacity than gas and has a higher cooling direct of the polymer. This leads to a greater non-uniform temperature distribution in the polymer material which worsens the uniformity of water penetration interior the parts, resulting in fingering 20. This is equal to the statement that more shrinkage leads to more fingering. The second factor is the viscosity of the polymer melt. During water injection, water follows the path with the least resistance. cadence the water enters into the mould cavity, it cools the polymer melt and increases the viscosity. It then becomes more difficult for the water to penetrate into the core of the parts. The third factor is the geological period resistance in the channel and in the polymer. The higher the incline resistance in the channel and the lower the flow resistance in the polymer, the more water fingering will be induced. The researchers 19 think that water fingering worsens when a combination of a higher water pressure, a smaller melt short shot size and a shorter water injection bide time is used.Other parameters which need to be paid attention to are the temperatures of the melt, the mould and the water. increase these parameters decreases the cooling rate and the viscosity and results in more fingering because it is easier for water to penetrate in the part. Another possible part defect in water assisted injection moulding is double wall 22. Double wall is the appearan ce of a second polymer wall inside the hollow product which deforms the wall significantly. During the water hold time water inclusions develop in the wall.The double wall is caused by the pressure drop after the water hold time. The water in the inclusions becomes steam and expands the internal material surface causing a second wall in the polymer. Two important parameters are responsible for the forming of double wall. The first parameter is the water hold time which should be minimized in order to eliminate double wall. Increasing the water hold time compensates the shrinkage in the wall but enlarge the water inclusions in the wall worsening the double wall. The second parameter is the volume flow rate.Increasing the volume flow rate causes more double wall because more water penet pass judgment in the polymer forming water inclusions which expand into double walls after the water hold time. There is not much known about the phenomenon of double wall. A lot of investigators do no t even make a difference between fingering and double wall and characterize it as the same part defect. Hollow parts are mainly characterized by their residual wall thickness that should be minimized in order to obtain a good product quality with minimal defects.A go under in wall thickness is mainly obtained by choosing water assisted injection moulding instead of gas assisted injection moulding 4. However, Michaeli et al. 22 concluded that in some cases gas assisted injection moulding yields parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Several process settings can be applied for water assisted injection moulding, for each one having an influence on the residual wall thickness. Huang and Deng 23 concluded that besides the short shot size there are two other main parameters affecting the residual wall thickness in polypropylene samples. The first parameter is the melt temperature.Increasing the melt temperature leads to reduction of the solidified layer thickness and thus to a de crease in wall thickness. The second parameter is the water injection appreciation time. When increasing the water injection counteract time, the residual wall thickness exhibits an increment because the solidified layer of the melt becomes thicker. Liu and Wu 24 researched the effect of the injection pin on the residual wall thickness distribution. In their research they concluded that a pin consisting of a sintered porous surface can mould large parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution.Application of this high flow rate pin could significantly improve the product quality in terms of smaller wall thickness. The non-uniformity of the residual wall thickness distribution commonly occurring in curved product sections, was found to be less in water assisted injection moulded parts than in gas assisted injection moulded parts. Fluids try to follow the path with the least resistance this is the shortest path. However, water has a higher mass inertion than gas and therefore gives a better concentricity of the residual wall thickness over a cross-section.The uniformity of the residual wall thickness could be improved by adopting divergent mould temperatures 25. In order to mould PA6 parts with high product quality using WAIM, one has to apply the optimal settings to reduce the part defects (fingering and double wall) and decline the residual wall thickness. The water injection wait time influences fingering and the residual wall thickness. A shorter water injection delay time causes a smaller residual wall thickness but results in more fingering 19 23. The water volume flow rate is an important parameter on fingering, double wall and the residual wall thickness.A higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness but more fingering and double wall 21. The melt temperature has an influence on fingering and the residual wall thickness. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness but to more fi ngering 19 20 23. Further experiments in this research focuses on the influence of the water injection delay time, the water volume flow rate and the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects for PA6, using a design of experiments. 2. Experimental functioning 2. 1 MaterialsTo investigate the residual wall thickness and part defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall of water assisted injection moulded products, two polyamides (PA F223-D and PA F130-E1 from DSM) and a polypropylene (PP 400-GA05 from Ineos) were used. The melting and crystallization temperature of the materials were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments 2920 CE). The viscosity was measured with a capillary rheometer (CEAST Smart Rheo 2000 twin bore). The complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus were measured with a parallel plates rheometer (AERES strain controlled rheometer).The measurements show that the zero-fleece viscosity of the polypropylene is higher than those of the polyamides. PA F223-D has a higher zero-shear viscosity than PA F130-E1. This indicates that the molecular weight is higher for polypropylene than for PA F223-D and that PA F130-E1 has the lowest molecular weight. The decrease in viscosity at higher shear rates occurs at lower frequencies for polypropylene in comparison with the polyamides. This indicates a higher molecular weight distribution for polypropylene than polyamide. PA F223-D has a higher molecular weight distribution than PA F130-E1. . 2 Moulded parts The part that is moulded for this experiment is displayed in figure 1. It contains four curved sections variable in radius of curvature. The polymer and water enter the cavity at the bottom side. Water enters when a movable injector is pushed forward and a core at the end of the part is pulled allowing the polymer to be removed out of the inner core of the part. pulp 1 moulded part containing four curved sections 2. 3 Equipment T he injection moulding was executed with an Engel 80-ton injection moulding machine ES 330H/80V/80HL-2F.The dimensions of the machine are 4,80 m x 2,22m x 2m. The single screw diameter is 50 mm and the plastification unit can operate with a maximum injection rate of 152 cm? /s. A volume flow rate controlled water injection unit brings the water into the mould. It can operate with a maximum water volume flow rate of 30 l/min, delivered by a maximum pressure of 200 bar. During the tests a maximum pressure of 160 bar was applied. Three pressure sensors type Priamus are localized in the mould. An IR-camera type FLIR is used to observe the temperature distribution over the produced handles after moulding.The IR-images were used to compare with the internal section to discover the cause of part defects, because water in the product gives lower temperatures on the IR-image. The dried hollow polymer handles are sawed in lengthwise direction with a band saw. The band saw is type Metabo bas 26 0 swift. After sawing the hollow polymer handles, the internal section were scanned with a scanner type carom FG17500. A metric software 8. 01 plus was applied to analyze the surface quality of the polymer. With the aid of the software, the surface area of the wall and the part defects can be determined. . 4 Method DOE procedure The experiment investigated four processing parameters that were selected after a preliminary literature study, assuming these will have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. These parameters are the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. Using the design of experiments approach, each parameter was measured on a low and high setting make this a 23 experiment. In addition triplet centre points were measured bringing the total number of experiments to 11 for each material.Response functions were constructed for residual wall thickness, weight and defects. The significance of each parameter was checked by comparing its effect to the expiration of the centre points, neglecting the parameter if its effect is smaller than the centre point deviation. Experimental procedure After steady state was reached, five shots were produced for each setting of water volume flow rate, water injection delay time, melt temperature. For each last shot of an experiment, a print screen of the pressure evolution and an IR-image was taken.During the process the following parameters were measured * real number injection time * absolute shot volume * real cushion * flow number. After moulding, the parts were dried with compressed air to remove water of the inner- and outer surface of the product. Then the injection side of the product was removed and both halves were weighed. The sawed injection product was controlled on the presence of defects giving a first indication of the quality of the product. Afterwards the handle was dried in a furnace for 44 hours on 90 C.After drying, the handles w ere weighed again obtaining the weight of the water inclusions in the product wall. Three representative handles were sawed in lengthwise direction and the breams were removed. The handles were scanned to determine the residual wall thickness and the percentages of defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall. Table 1 Processing variables and settings used for the experiments A B C Process parameters Water volume flow rate (l/min) Water injection delay time (s) Melt temperature (C) -1 10 1,5 240 0 20 5 260 1 30 8,5 280 A B C Experiment Water volume flow rate (l/min) Water injection delay time (s) Melt temperature (C) 1 20 5 260 2 10 1,5 240 3 30 8,5 240 4 30 1,5 240 5 10 8,5 240 6 20 5 260 7 30 8,5 280 8 10 1,5 280 9 10 8,5 280 10 30 1,5 280 11 20 5 260 Table 2Experiment schedule for parameter settings The part defects are calculated as follows The parameters which have an influence on the product quality are the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time an d the melt temperature. The tested parameter settings are presented in table 1.A code using -1 for low, 0 for center point and 1 for high setting is applied. The combination of parameter settings (Table 2) are determined using design of experiments. Using the design of experiments method makes is possible to obtain a better understanding of the formation of the defects and the influence of the processing parameters. Eventually a moulding window will e determined in which the defects are minimized. 2 Results and discussion 3. 1 Effect of water volume flow rate Figure 2 shows the effect of the water volume flow rate on the residual wall thickness and the product defects.Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a smaller residual wall thickness than the residual wall thickness of polyamide for all experiments. Polypropylene has a higher molecular mass, causing a wi der water flow front. The higher molecular weight distribution (MWD) of PP causes a block focal ratio profile of the water resulting in a higher velocity on the polymer- water interface. The higher velocity causes a higher shear and consequently a lower viscosity, resulting in a higher removal.This results both in a smaller residual wall thickness and a lower part weight. The density of polypropylene is lower compared to compared to the density of polyamide, which is also an explanation for the lower weight of product. Regarding the product weight and the residual wall thickness, the two polyamides do not differ much and correspond to each other. This is probably due to the small difference in molecular mass and molecular weight distribution. Figure 2 Effects of water volume flow rate on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wallThe residual wall thickness of polyamide seems not to be significantly affected by the water volume flow rate. Polypropylene howe ver, tends to increase in residual wall thickness by application of a lower water volume flow rate. These results correspond to the suggestion that a higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness, as was found in preliminary literature study. In normal a material with a high MWD, like PP, will be more influenced by the flow rate than other materials like polyamides. Influence on water inclusionsIn planetary the water inclusions tend to decline when the water flow rate increases. A higher flow rate provides more shearing, giving a lower viscosity. The water can easily remove the internal polymer and does not penetrate into the walls of the polymer. PP completely corresponds to this theory, but the polyamides show an irregularity during high flow rates. this can be explained by the strong variations in injection time and a chance in the water flow profile to a profile called recirculation flow. It pushes the water into the walls causing an increase in water i nclusions.The strong variations that occur with PP are probably caused by its high MWD. This property also played an important role regarding the RWT. Influence on fingering Fingering is probably caused by differential shrinkage, making a material with a high degree of crystallization like polypropylene vulnerable to this defect. The defect diminishes at high flow rates where the wall thickness is smaller, making it more difficult for polypropylene to shrink and for fingering to occur. PA F130-E1 exhibits a low variation in fingering in comparison to the other materials.This material is not in its area of shear tinning when working with low flow rates, resulting in a constant viscosity and residual wall thickness. Because of this low variation in RWT and corresponding shrinkage with changing flow rate the effect of the flow rate will be very small. In general materials with a high MWD and MM like PP show more fingering than materials with low MWD and MM like PA F130E1. PA F223D will take a modal(a) position taking into account that its centre point is not completely representative. This trend for fingering is visible for all parameters.Influence on double wall The influence of the flow rate shows an boilersuit optimal profile. paltry and high flow rates cause more double wall than an intermediate setting. A first theory relates this effect to the pressure inside the part. small(a) flow rates exert low pressure on the polymer melt and the polymer will not form a rigid layer, making it possible for the water to penetrate into the polymer walls. High flow rates cause high pressures inside the part forcing the water into the walls. The second theory is based on the endeavor of water to follow the ath of least resistance and can only explain the effect with low flow rates. The low rate will cause almost no shear assay inside the polymer so it will not reach the shear tinning area. The polymer will not easily be pushed back by the water and the water will pene trate the walls where the resistance is much lower. The effect of the water volume flow rate on double wall is the same as for water inclusions, which is explained by the relation between water inclusions and double wall. Water inclusions can grow during the water hold time, collapsing into double walls in the product after pressure removal.The higher double wall defects for PAF130-E1 in comparison to PA F223-D are probably caused by the difference in molecular mass. PA F130-E1 has a lower molecular mass and thus a less viscous melt resulting in a more easily penetrable material. Another noticeable result is that of the investigated materials, PA F223-D shows high part defects but relatively the smallest double wall defects. PP, the material with the highest MM shows more double wall at high flow rates for which no explanation can be found. 3. 2 Effect of the water injection delay timeFigure 3 shows the effect of the water injection delay time on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight A shorter water injection delay time causes a decline in the residual wall thickness and weight of product for polyamide and polypropylene, as was predicted by literature. When the water injection delay time is short, the polymer is still hot and has a low viscosity, giving the water the opportunity to hollow out the polymer more.A higher water injection delay time causes a higher residual wall thickness and weight of product because the melt viscosity increases. The residual wall thickness is higher for polyamide than for polypropylene, for the same reasons as discussed under the previous paragraph. Influence on water inclusions An increase in delay time is accompanied by an increase in viscosity that makes it more difficult for the water to penetrate into the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water can also be forced into the walls, which explai ns the slight increase in water inclusions for PP 400-GA05 and PA F130-E1.Figure 3 Effects of the water injection delay time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The strong decrease in water inclusions that occurs with polypropylene is caused by the high heat capacity of this material making it cool down faster than the polyamides and increasing its viscosity faster. PA F130-E1 shows less defects in comparison with PA F223-D, probably caused by its strong temperature related viscosity. During the delay time the viscosity powerfully increases, making it more difficult for the water to penetrate. Influence on fingeringIncreasing the delay time increases the residual wall thickness and should result in a higher chance of fingering. In general this trend can be sight from the diagrams. more fingering occurs within PP 400 GA05 caused by its higher degree of crystallization. Furthermore, this polymer is processed at much higher temperatures than its me lting point, leading to further shrinkage and corresponding fingering. The presence of defects during processing with long delay generation is caused by a greater residual wall thickness, which leads to more differential shrinkage.Processing with short delay times increases the presence even further, but no plausible statement can explain this. Therefore further research will be necessary. The results for the centre point of PA F223-D are probably not representative, since it is based on a single experiment of lead shots. Influence on double wall The water injection delay time shows an boilersuit optimum profile, which can be related to the shift of the inflexibility in time, caused by the temperature drop over time. Production with a short delay time will push water inside the low viscosity polymer which makes it easy for the water to penetrate.Increasing the delay time also increases the viscosity and thus the rigidity of the polymer making it harder to penetrate the walls. Howe ver, if the viscosity is too high, the water will also be forced into the walls. PA F130-E1 shows more double wall because its viscosity is passing temperature related. Longer delay times will lead to larger temperature drops and a corresponding increase in viscosity. 3. 3 Effect of the melt temperature Figure 4 shows the effect of the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams.Influence on the residual wall thickness and weight of product Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a lower residual wall thickness and weight of product compared with polyamide for all experiments. This might be due to the higher molecular weight and the higher molecular weight distribution of polypropylene. The higher molecular weight distribution shows a square barricade velocity profile causing a higher velocity on the wall and a higher shearing. This results in a lower viscosity and therefore more removal of the polymer decreasing the residual wall thickness and weight of product.PA F130-E1 and PA F223-D are quite similar and do not differ much in residual wall thickness and weight of product. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness as was suggested by literature, because a higher melt temperature makes the polymer less viscous so more polymer can be removed by the water. The residual wall thickness of PP decreases from 240C to 260C but increases to 280C. The increase of the melt temperature is difficult to explain and is possible a unreliable point. In fact, also for polypropylene a decreasing tendency is remarkable.Influence on water inclusions There is a trend towards higher water inclusions when a higher melt temperature is applied. This parameter thus shows the opposite effect of the delay time. PA F130-E1 differs from the other materials, probably due to the strong variations in injection time during production. Furthermore this polymer shows a lot of internal heating (viscous heating) when Figure 4 Effects of the melt temperature time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall high pressure is exerted, leading to a drop in viscosity.This effect usually appears in combination with low melt temperatures where the polymer has a lot of pressure to bear. So low temperatures will lead to viscous heating and therefore to high intern temperatures. The water can then easily enter the walls of the polymer due to the lower vicosity. Influence on fingering When processing the material at low temperatures, the material will have to shrink less and thus less fingering will occur. This trend is distinctly visible for the polyamides, taken into account that the centre point of PA F223-D is not representative.In fact, the make should show an opposite effect from the delay time, but this is not clearly noticeable. Further research will be necessary to explain these irregularities. Influence on double wall A h igher melt temperature causes an boilers suit increase in double wall defects for all three materials. This effect is related to the viscosity of the polymer which varies with temperature. High temperatures will lead to a decrease in viscosity making the polymer more penetrable for water. Another theory is based on the water flow profile inside the polymer.Higher temperatures usually correspond to smaller residual wall thicknesses changing the flow profile into a recirculation flow where water will be pulled into the walls. 3. 4 Comparison results of response functions and graphic tendencies Table 3 gives an overview of the best parameter settings to reduce each part defect and the total defects for each material, comparing the results of a response function (before /) and the graphics in figure 1/2/3 (after /). The response functions were constructed using the design of experiments method. Regarding the defects, only one response function was made which ncludes both fingering and double wall. Ideal settings according to response functions Using the response functions several conclusions can be made for the ideal settings of the parameters. A high water injection delay time creates less water inclusions in both polyamides. In addition, the polyamides show the same optimal settings of all parameters for the residual wall thickness. A low water volume flow rate is beneficial for the reduction of the residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall. Other settings conflict to give minimal part defects in polyamide.In general, PA F223-D has minimal part defects for a low water volume flow rate, a high water injection delay time, and a low melt temperature. PA F130-E1 requires a low water volume flow rate as well, but a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. The optimal settings for the minimal percentage water inclusions, fingering and double wall are super contradictory for polyamide and polypropylene. PP 400-GA05 requires a high water v olume flow rate for a smaller residual wall thickness but the other parameters have the same optimal settings for the residual wall thickness as polyamide 6.The water volume flow rate and the water injection delay time do not influence fingering and double wall significantly, so no conclusions can be made for these settings to obtain minimal fingering and double wall. If also the water inclusions and the residual wall thickness are taken into account, PP400-GA05 shows minimal part defects for a high water volume flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a low melt temperature. There can be concluded that for all three materials the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same.Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation will be necessary. Ideal settings according to previous diagrams The following best parameter setting are based on the previous graphics. Regarding the residual wal l thickness, the best parameters for PP and PA F130D are an intermediate water flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. For PA 223D, a low water flow rate is required and the other parameters are the same. For fingering, a high water volume rate, an intermediate water injection delay time and melt temperature give the best results for PP.PA F223D gives the best results for a low water volume flow rate and water injection delay time and an intermediate melt temperature. PA F130E1 in contrary, the best parameters setting are a high water volume flow rate and a low water injection delay time and melt temperature. The parameters setting are different for the three materials and show a lot of irregularities. Considering double wall, the best parameter settings are a low water flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. For both polyamides the best parameter setting are equal, an intermediate water flow rate, delay time and melt temperature. For the water inclusions, the best results were observed for a high water volume rate and an intermediate water delay time and melt temperature. PA F223D shows less water inclusions when an intermediate flow rate, a low delay time and in intermediate melt temperature is used. PA F130E1 in contrary gives the best results for a intermediate flow rate and delay time and a low melt temperature. Ideal settings for PA F223-D Optimal setting Response factor Target figure Water volume flow rate Water injection delay time Melt temperature Water inclusions menial High/High High/High Low/LowResidual wall thickness Low Low/High Low/Low High/High Fingering and double wall Low Low/High High/Low Low/Low Total Low/High High/Low Low/Low Table 3 Overview of ideal settings for the materials for each part defect Ideal settings for PA F130-E1 Optimal setting Response factor Target figure Water volume flow rate Water injection delay time Melt temperature Water inclusions Low Low/High High/High High/L ow Residual wall thickness Low Low/High Low/Low High/High Fingering and double wall Low Low/High Low/Low Low/Low Total Low/High Low/Low High/LowIdeal settings for PP 400-GA05 Optimal setting Response factor Target figure Water volume flow rate Water injection delay time Melt temperature Water inclusions Low High/High Low/High High/Low Residual wall thickness Low High/High Low/Low Low/High Fingering and double wall Low -/High -/Low Low/Low Total High/High Low/Low Low/Low formerly again, here can be concluded that the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation is necessary. . 5 Detection of part defects 3. 5. 1 IR-images IR images were tested if they can be used to obtain an indication of the quality of the product. This could be an important tool during production as it can deliver information about the internal structure without damagin g the part. It was found that a uniform heat distribution in the part usually corresponds to few defects in the walls. The polymer equally shrinks and cools, causing no stress in the walls which could lead to defects. Figure 5 shows the section and an infrared image of a hollow part from PP 400-GA05 without defects.The corresponding IR picture shows no significant Figure 6 Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product with defects irregularities in the heat distribution. The areas where the part has a higher or lower Figure 5 Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product without defects temperature than the bulk are caused by respectively larger and smaller residual wall thicknesses. Small defects like fingering can occur where colder areas are completely surrounded by larger hot material making it isolated cold regions. If the cold area is little by little spread throughout the part and is therefore no isolated region, fingering is oftentimes not present.The isolated colder regions are mos t seeming filled with water which provides more efficient cooling than the rest of the part, resulting in uneven shrinkage and corresponding fingering cavities. Large defects like double wall are often present where a relative large cold area spreads throughout the complete section and is surrounded by hot material. These defects are also likely to occur in regions with higher temperature than the rest of the part. However, the latter can also correspond with a larger residual wall thickness and is thus not conclusive for the presence of double wall defects.Figure 6 shows a part with double wall defects and the corresponding infrared image where the isolated hot (white) and cold areas (yellow) are indicated. The texture of the internal surface can not be judged with an infrared image. PA F130-E1 tends to show a rougher surface in regions with a much lower temperature, but not all parts share this conclusion. Within the other materials a rough surface does not corresponds with lower temperature areas thus the infrared does not delivers clear information about this property. 3. 5. 2 Pressure and injection rate profilesThe pressure profiles and the injection rate during the injection of the melt can be used to declare some of the defects shown in the different polymer samples. The injection rate was set on 45 mm/sec and the maximum viable pressure of the WAIM equipment was 160 bar. For the polyamides, this maximum pressure was exceeded in some cases during filling of the mould. This caused a temporary reduction of the injection rate and possibly some of the part defects of polyamide. Polypropylene does not show this trend because it has a lower flow number than PA.Figure 7 shows an example of this phenomenon in PA F223-D. In general it can be concluded that when the temperature increases the measured pressure and the flow number decrease. This reduction in pressure can be explained by the fact that the viscosity of the material will be lower at a higher tempera ture, so the polymer can flow easier and less pressure has to be applied. However it is not guaranteed that an irregularity in the injection profile of the polymer results in problems during water injection. This experiment was to limited to make clear conclusions about this effect.Figure 7 Pressure and injection rate profile for PA F223-D (green=pressure, blue=injection rate) 4. Conclusions 4. 1 General This report has studied the influence of melt and processing parameters on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects of PA6 parts produced with water assisted injection moulding. The study examined two polyamides (PA F223D, PA F130E1) and polypropylene 400 GA05 that was used as a reference material. According to a design of experiments, the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature are the investigated processing parameters.The water volume flow rate settings are 10, 20 and 30 l/min, the injection delay time settings are 1,5 s, 5s and 8,5s and the melt temperature settings are 240C, 260C and 280C. It was found that the residual wall thickness showed a large distribution for all three materials, even for shots from a single experiment and therefore an extra depth psychology was made on the weight of the products. The product weight can give an indication for the wall thickness as a low weight usually corresponds to small thicknesses. Based on this theory it was found that the water volume flow rate has little influence on the weight and wall thickness.A larger delay time increases the viscosity of the polymer and leads to higher weight and a larger wall thickness. The melt temperature has the opposite effect, decreasing the viscosity at higher temperatures and therefore decreasing the wall thickness and weight. PP has a lower weight comparing with the two polyamides. This can be explained that PP has a higher molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. A higher molecular weight gives a parabolic velocity profile and a higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity located on the wall.The higher velocity causes a higher shearing giving a lower viscosity. This results in more removal of the polymer and the residual wall thickness decreases. In fact, a lower residual wall thickness exhibits a lower weight of product. The water inclusions for the three materials tend to decline when the water flow rate increases although PP shows some irregularities. The delay time has an overall optimum profile. Intermediate settings exhibit less inclusions in comparison to other settings. The melt temperature has the opposite effect of the delay time so more water inclusions occur when higher temperatures are applied.Other defects like fingering and double wall are also influenced by the investigated processing parameters. The water flow rate shows an optimum profile for double wall, so an intermediate setting will yield the best results . For fingering the three materials all act in a different way to the flow rate. An optimum profile also occurs for double wall when the delay time is investigated. In general, fingering increases when the delay time increases, but the materials show a lot of irregularities. An increase in melt temperature causes an overall increase of fingering and double wall.Comparing PA6 and PP, PP shows an overall smaller residual wall thickness than PA6, but on average the same percentage of part defects. This means that a reduction in residual wall thickness does not influence the product quality for part defects positively. When comparing the different polyamides 6, the investigated low viscosity polyamide 6 PA F223-D show less water inclusions and fingering but more double wall than the medium viscosity polyamide 6 PA F130-D. The best choice for a polyamide depends on the relative importance of the negative influence of each part defect on the product quality.This is discussed in detail in the next paragraph. To get an indication of the quality of the product IR images can be used. It was found that a uniform heat distribution corresponds to few defects and irregularities point to the presence of defects like fingering or double wall. The internal texture of the surface can not be examined with IR. This study concludes that the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the presence of part defects and on the residual wall thickness.However, there are still irregularities in the results of the fingering phenomenon that can not be explained yet with the current knowledge of the water assisted injection moulding process. Therefore further analysis will be necessary to examine this part defect. Further research can be done by expanding the design of experiments and by producing more shots for each experiment. Producing more than three shots of each experiment should give more corresponding results, because the standard deviation of three shots is usually hig h. 4. 2 Selection of the material for WAIMThree materials were used in this experiment namely PA F223D, PA F130E1 and PP as reference. The residual wall thickness, weight of product, water inclusions and part defects like fingering and double wall must be compared with each other to choose the best material. This by varying the selected parameters like water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. PP has in general the lowest weight of product and residual wall thickness for the three investigated parameters water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. As a result of a smaller residual wall thickness, PP has the lowest weight of product.Considering the water inclusions a decreasing tendency is obtained when a higher water volume flow rate and water injection delay time is used. There is a trend toward higher water inclusions when higher melt temperature are applied. Regarding to fingering and double wall, an opposite effect is noticeable. Increasing the water volume rate and water injection delay time gives a decreasing fingering tendency but more double wall effects. For a higher melt temperature, an increase of fingering and double wall is observed. PA F130E1 and PA F223D are quiet similar to each other in weight of product and residual wall thickness.For the weight of product PA F130E1 and PA F223D correspond to each other and for the residual wall thickness they do not differ much for all three investigated parameters. Regarding the water inclusions, both polyamides decline when water the flow rate increases. The highest flow rate provides more shearing and therefore a lower viscosity resulting in more water inclusions. Increasing the water injection delay time leads to lower water inclusions because the viscosity increases which makes it more difficult for water to penetrate into the walls.When higher melt temperatures are applied, results in a trend towards higher water inclusions because of the lower viscosit y. In general, PA F223D shows more water inclusions comparing with PA F130E1 for the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and the melt temperature. Considering fingering and double wall, different results were observed for the two polyamides. In general it is remarkable that PA F223D shows more fingering then PA F130E1 while PA F130E1 gives more double wall then PA F223D and this for the three investigated parameters. For the water volume flow rate, the polyamides act in different ways towards fingering.Although, for double wall the flow rate shows an optimum for the polyamides so an intermediate setting gives the best results. When the water injection delay time increases there is also an increasing tendency of fingering observed but the materials show a lot of irregularities. Increasing the melt temperature gives an increase of fingering and double wall as well. In this investigation can be concluded that both polyamides have their advantages and disadvantages. A sel ection of the best polyamide depends on which effect is undesirable. The residual wall thickness are the same for the two polyamides.PA F223D shows more water inclusions and fingering for all investigated parameters. However, PA F223D shows less double wall and therefore the best results. PA F130E1 in contrary gives more double wall effects but less fingering and water inclusions. In fact, PA F223D is preferred when double wall must be reduced and PA F130E1 is preferred when fingering and water inclusions must be reduced. Further investigation is necessary on another type of polyamide which improves the product quality using WAIM. 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Creative Writing: Continue the Story of “The Other Time” by Peter Appleton

Creative Writing The Journalists visit Continue the story (The other time, by Peter Appleton) Yes. she answered blankly. At first sight, the man stand in front of her wasnt impressive, nor a surprise. Hum, yes uhm, my name is Scoop, Scoop Appleton. And, uhm, I am hither as a journalist from the Sunday Blare. You natter, we find your story very(prenominal) intriguing, interestingnessing. I am sure you extradite had other people come and accept you for details, but we are extremely serious in this relevant liberation and we get that for you What.That its horrible for me? That I should want to kill the judges? That I should want fight my sadness by shouting injustice? Look. Talking drama pull up stakes not salmagundi a thing. Your offer does not interest me She say this staying calm and not caring but unflurried with an incredible force in her voice. Scoop was still under shock of her beauty and character. He only managed to get a few talking to working their focal poi nt out of his mind. Yes I understand, but I am sure our offer will cover the emotional difficulty this would imply Paul is dead. Thats basically it.Your m sensationy will not get him back, and I get intot see how your article will be beneficial for me or change others point of view. It must be hard to be like this on your own now. We can help you to have an easier time. We discern that it is during mourning that people need whatsoever help, support. And we can give you that. We think people need to know the truth, the injustice here. This might change everything All we want is your story We surely have never been rich, and now I need money more than than ever. provided I am not interested in your money. She state firmly.Surely she has her principles, Scoop thought, but her loss must be raging inside her. We understand. We know it must be hard for you. scarce we are not looking for problems. We think you are an intelligent woman who has the right to be heard. Im sure your hu bby was a good man, and your life must have been lovely in your lovely home He could see from where he was standing that the furniture inside was neat and classical. No particular style elements, just a random English house like any, maybe compensate neater than the rest. lets not stay standing here if youre planning to talk a lot. She suddenly added, interrupting him in his maybe-too-obvious peaking. Scoop, shaken up by the move invitation calmly followed her. He could hear that behind the hard side she was showing, in that location was maybe a desperate need to talk, to have a human contact. He tried to grasp as many details as he could, walkway towards the lounge area. Sit here, Ill make some tea She said calmly, walking to the little kitchen bloc. There was nearly a friendly tone in her voice. But Scoop tried to stay in his professional attitude, even if he seemed more clumsy than at ease.Sitting down, he noticed how this academic term chair had used fabric. This must be so meones chair. mayhap it was her husbands. He could depicting the man sitting here, resting after a hard day of work, while she would be making dinner for her love. The few words she had said about her husband had made it clear to Scoop that she loves him, that he had been a good husband. There seemed to be a special light advent in the house. A warm, orangy light, giving a cozy home feeling. But also a feeling like the one you get when youre in your grandparents old home, after they have left the world.A feeling of silent memories, of peace but also of emptiness. Mrs. Rhiannon. Its important that you understand that we do not seek for drama. We dont want do abuse your story or your name in any way. We just consider your loss as a relevant tragedy and want to understand at beaver what kind of man your husband was. Yes. Surely I understand Mr. Appleton she said, sitting down with two cups of tea in the opposite chair. Scoop was surprised she had remembered his name. But you see, I dont want any more fuss. around things will just remain as they are.My man was a good man. I have learnt a lot from him. And one thing his personality has taught me is that theres no need to do something un-useful. And I think causing another stir will only make me and you loose credibility and respect. I am sad, but I dont want anger words to be shown as my story. He was a good man, we had plans, we had a future. But things happened and now its all changed. And Ill just have to adapt. But telling your story will make people reconsider the trial. Maybe this could change the countrys legal system and stop injustice from happening I dont think there is a problem in our legal system. I dont think we will make anything better by showing a picture of me looking at his picture and tell how devastated I am now. One of the only things I still have is my pride. And as a principle, drama would not make me or my husband proud of myself. Ok, I understand Mrs. Evans. He noticed the way she looked at her husbands picture hanging on top of the chimney. It was like he was still there to watch her. Everything in the room was tidy and clean. She must have made time pass by cleaning up everything.He could see though that there was an unusually big pile of papers on the corner of the desk behind her seat. Maybe she had been busy organizing some things, a communication channel or maybe a closer investigation on the case I was wondering Mrs. Evans, if you dont mind telling. How has it been for you since, uhm, since Mr. Evans uhm, departure. Do you know what really happened? Why there was a fight? I have to say, I have mostly stayed here since. I dont like the way people look at me now. They think my husband was a violent psychopath. But I dont blame them, they didnt know him and they dont know what happened, but nor do I really.I think its all in the past and that I should bread moving send now. When Ill start my new job things will get going again. Scoop could feel this was coming to an end. He wasnt going to hear very much more. But he still had so many questions. And his boss would hate him to not get a story back. So, thank you for the offer, but no look what amount of money, I just dont want a story about me. Thank you for coming by. It was a pleasure Mrs. He said standing up. He had been so attentive for every little detail that he hadnt even touched his cup of tea.When she took the cups back to the kitchen, he motto that there was a distinctive ring mark on her annular but no ring to be seen. I dont meanspirited to be intrusive Mrs. Evans, but what have you decided to do with your wedding ring? I can see you took it off Uhm, that was when I was washing the dishes. Yes. Uhm. And past you rang at my door. So uhm, yes. He could see how uncomfortable she suddenly was. Maybe she had had to sell it to get some living money. It must be a warm subject anyway. Oh yes of course. Thank you again for letting me in.But you know that if any time you change your mind, we are the first you can trust Right, right. She said with the resembling not blank but not curious tone she had when she opened the door. Clearly talking in the entrance made her somewhat emotion-less. She still had some suspicions about the press, Scoop thought. Suddenly his eyes caught something on his way out. Above the mantel, hanging on the wall in the hall, there was a tiny funds box with blue velvet inside and a gold, shiny medal. He turned around to ask her while pointing at the shiny thing. What is this beautiful metal?Did you win it? Was it your husbands? What did he get it for? He asked, maybe with a little too much enthusiasm. Oh that. They pinned that on him the other time he killed a man. Scoop was speechless. She walked him to the door, said another goodbye and closed it. For her he had been quite a revelation. He wasnt so talky and intrusive as the others. And he left her space to be human, not just a drama storyteller. Now she wasnt goi ng to tell anything, but she could see he had an eye for detail, unlike some others. Shed have to keep the story well hidden to not get any more fuss.And shed start by taking of the medal. The one reminder for how things had started to go bad for Paul. He was too nice to kill when he left. And war had made him go very far away from who he used to be. If only he was still sitting on his chair, as he used to. He was still walking at the same speed to his car, and just couldnt stop wondering, how much there is behind this whole story. He was now very intrigued. The intelligent irony, the pride, the specialness of the beautiful queen had fully fascinated him. He felt a sudden need to find more about her. She looked strict but still so naturally smashing.He could see she was trying to hide she was having a hard time accepting the death. By keeping the photos, the seats, the medal exactly as it was before, she has to face it each day, alone. As if she was waiting for him to come back. Bu t she knew. Her eyes, as beautiful as they were had been crying and her ring had been taken off. And there was her intelligence, her rationality that had stroked him too. She knew what was best to do. Thats why she hadnt accepted their offer. He was now sitting in his car, looking at the house. He would have to go soon, he knew shed watch him leave.But something was just making him stay, he felt the need to wait a bit, as if waking up fro a dream. The house was simple-minded but very tidy, she took good care of it. But she must be feeling lonely, vulnerable, with no family, no surroundings and no people to be there for her, even though she seemed so loving. The love with her husband must have been strong, from her reaction in court. But Scoop was thinking there must have been something he or she was hiding. A good man wouldnt suddenly have killed another because of alcohol, he had fought for our country But maybe that was the problem.Maybe violent death men there had changed his w ay of living, being, seeing things and people But this will be something for which hell have to dig deep to find the answer. Will she one day change, get on with her life, tell her story? How is she going to live? She seems so out of this world. Her beauty, her strength, her voice, so surnatural and oh so enchanting He could see the twine curtains move up, it was time for him to leave. He didnt want to scare her forever. She might always cal back. One thing for sure is that there was a lot more to find out about Mr. Evans. M. P.